Stadium (redirected from The Stadium)

stadium (stā`dēəm), racecourse in Greek cities where footraces and other athletic contests took place. The name is the Latin form of the Greek word for a standard of length and originally referred merely to the measured length of the course. Usually the stadiums were U-shaped, the curve being opposite the starting point. Natural slopes were used when possible to support the seats. The stadiums at Athens, Olympia, Delphi, and Epidaurus are among the best-known examples. The courses were generally 606 ft 9 in. long (600 Greek ft, or 185 m), although the length varied according to the local variations of the measuring unit. A similar plan was used for the hippodrome, the course where horses raced. The stadium at Athens, which was completely restored to serve for the first modern Olympic games in 1896, dates from 330 B.C. The great modern revival of interest in athletic contests has produced structures designed for various sports that seat many thousands of spectators. Although many are called stadiums, they are only slightly derivative from those of the Greeks and in most features resemble rather the Roman circuses and amphitheaters. In the United States stadiums have greatly increased in number and perfection since 1914. Their forms vary, being rectangular with curved corners, elliptical, or U-shaped. The modern stadium generally is designed for such sports as football, baseball, and track racing. The stadiums erected in European cities for Olympic games have usually been retained as permanent structures. For the 1960 Olympics in Rome, Pier Luigi Nervi designed two remarkable reinforced-concrete arenas spanned by delicately ribbed roofs. Among American stadiums with large seating capacities are Michigan Stadium at Ann Arbor, 107,000; Ohio Stadium at Columbus, 104,000; Neyland Stadium at Knoxville, Tenn., 103,000; the Rose Bowl at Pasadena, Calif., 97,000; Beaver Stadium at University Park, Pa., 94,000; and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, 92,000. Some capacity estimates vary, as the source may include temporary seating and standing room. A recent innovation in stadium design is exemplified by the Harris County Domed Stadium, or "Astrodome," in Houston, Tex., which opened in 1965. Seating over 62,000 (for football), the steel-supported structure was the first covered, temperature-controlled arena and has been the basis for many such designs subsequently developed throughout the United States.

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stadium

Enclosure that provides a broad space for sports events and tiers of seats for a large number of spectators. The name derives from a Greek unit of measurement, the stade (about 607 ft, or 185 m), the length of the footrace in the ancient Olympics. Shapes of stadiums have varied depending on use: Some are rectangular with curved corners; others are elliptical or U-shaped. As a type of long-span structure, the stadium played a significant role in 20th-century construction technology. The building of large stadiums has been greatly facilitated by the use of reinforced concrete, steel, and membrane structures, which have made possible daring new designs. The Houston Astrodome was the first major fully roofed stadium. Cables contributed significantly to speed of construction, lightness of roof, and economy in covered stadiums. The enormous Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis (opened 1982) was built using a cable system.

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stadium

1. a sports arena with tiered seats for spectators

2. (in ancient Greece) a course for races, usually located between two hills providing natural slopes for tiers of seats

3. an ancient Greek measure of length equivalent to about 607 feet or 184 metres

4. (in many arthropods) the interval between two consecutive moultings

5. Obsolete a particular period or stage in the development of a disease

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stadium

A sports arena, usually oval or horseshoe-shaped.

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Stadium 

a sports structure encompassing a playing field, stands for spectators, areas for track-and-field events and gymnastics, and certain auxiliary structures. Modern stadiums have as their prototypes the stadiums of ancient Greece, such as those at Olympia, Athens, and Delphi, which were designed for the Olympic Games and other athletic contests. These stadiums had rectangular or elongate horseshoe-shaped arenas, with places for spectators along the sides.

The rebirth of the Olympic Games in 1894 provided a powerful stimulus to the construction of large stadiums in many countries. (The ancient Athenian stadium was reconstructed for the first modern Olympiad.) In contrast to the stadiums of antiquity, modern stadiums, in addition to providing a place for athletic contests, offer facilities for programs of physical education and for courses of instruction and programs of training in various sports. Roofed stadiums were first built in the 1950’s and 1960’s.

Among noteworthy foreign stadiums are the domed Maracaña-zinho stadium in Rio de Janeiro (1950, architects P. P. B. Bastus and others) and the Olympic stadiums in Rome (1959, architects P. L. Nervi, A. Nervi) and Munich (1968–72, architects I. Benisch and others). As of 1975, there were more than 3,120 stadiums in the USSR, with seating capacities between 5,000 and 103,000. Among the well-known Soviet stadiums are the Dynamo Stadium in Moscow (1928, architects L. Z. Cherikover, B. M. Iofan), the S. M. Kirov Stadium in Leningrad, and the V. I. Lenin Central Stadium in Moscow.

REFERENCES

Grechina, M. I. Stadiony. Kiev, 1957.
Kuibyshev, V. V. Krytyestadiony. Moscow, 1973.

G. V. IASNYI