Tz'u Hsi, Tsu Hsi, or Tse Hsi (all: ts
shē), 1834–1908, dowager empress of China (1861–1908) and regent (1861–73, 1874–89, 1898–1908). Her failure to realize the gravity of the foreign threat to China kept her from wholeheartedly supporting modernization, thus driving reformers into opposition to the Ch'ing Ch'ing (chĭng) or Manchu
..... Click the link for more information. dynasty. She was a consort of Emperor Hsien Feng (d. 1861) and bore his successor, T'ung Chih. On her child's death (1875) she named her infant nephew Kuang-hsu Kuang-hsu or Kwang-hsü (gwäng shü), 1871–1908, emperor of China (1875–1908).
..... Click the link for more information. to the throne, although he was not in the direct line of succession. In 1898 she resumed the regency after he had attempted to institute political reforms against her wishes, and thereafter she ruled directly. She resisted foreign encroachment by encouraging the unsuccessful Boxer Uprising Boxer Uprising, 1898–1900, antiforeign movement in China, culminating in a desperate uprising against Westerners and Western influence.
By the end of the 19th cent. the Western powers and Japan had established wide interests in China.
..... Click the link for more information. (1898–1900). In her last years Tz'u Hsi abandoned her conservatism to some extent and consented to several modernizing measures; schools were established, the traditional civil service examinations were discontinued, the army was reorganized by Yüan Shih-kai Yüan Shih-kai (yüän` shē`-kī`), 1859–1916, president of China (1912–16).
..... Click the link for more information. , railroad building was encouraged, and opium cultivation was suppressed. Her last official act was the appointment of Pu Yi, a remote claimant, as emperor.
shē), 1834–1908, dowager empress of China (1861–1908) and regent (1861–73, 1874–89, 1898–1908). Her failure to realize the gravity of the foreign threat to China kept her from wholeheartedly supporting modernization, thus driving reformers into opposition to the Ch'ing Ch'ing (chĭng) or Manchu..... Click the link for more information. dynasty. She was a consort of Emperor Hsien Feng (d. 1861) and bore his successor, T'ung Chih. On her child's death (1875) she named her infant nephew Kuang-hsu Kuang-hsu or Kwang-hsü (gwäng shü), 1871–1908, emperor of China (1875–1908).
..... Click the link for more information. to the throne, although he was not in the direct line of succession. In 1898 she resumed the regency after he had attempted to institute political reforms against her wishes, and thereafter she ruled directly. She resisted foreign encroachment by encouraging the unsuccessful Boxer Uprising Boxer Uprising, 1898–1900, antiforeign movement in China, culminating in a desperate uprising against Westerners and Western influence.
By the end of the 19th cent. the Western powers and Japan had established wide interests in China.
..... Click the link for more information. (1898–1900). In her last years Tz'u Hsi abandoned her conservatism to some extent and consented to several modernizing measures; schools were established, the traditional civil service examinations were discontinued, the army was reorganized by Yüan Shih-kai Yüan Shih-kai (yüän` shē`-kī`), 1859–1916, president of China (1912–16).
..... Click the link for more information. , railroad building was encouraged, and opium cultivation was suppressed. Her last official act was the appointment of Pu Yi, a remote claimant, as emperor.
Bibliography
See biographies by Princess Der Ling (1929), C. Haldane (1965), and M. Warner (1972).
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