Unamuno, Miguel de (mēgĕl` dā

näm

`nō), 1864–1936, Spanish philosophical writer, of Basque descent, b. Bilbao. The chief Spanish philosopher of his time, he was professor of Greek at the Univ. of Salamanca and later rector there. His criticism of the monarchy and especially of the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera caused his removal from the university in 1920 and his exile from Spain (1924–30), but with the establishment of the republic (1931), he was reinstated as rector. At first a supporter of the republic, he became critical of it and sided briefly (1936) with the rebels, only to rebuke them sharply just before his death. In his chief work, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida en los hombres y los pueblos (1913; Bollingen Series tr., The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Nations, 1968), he expresses his highly individualistic philosophy—one of faith in faith itself, not in any affirmation or denial of faith. Other important volumes are La vida de don Quijote y Sancho (1905; Bollingen Series tr., Our Lord Don Quixote, 1958–59) and La Agonía del cristianismo (1925; Bollingen Series tr., The Agony of Christianity, 1973). His poetry, as serious as his essays, includes Poesías (1907), Rosario de sonetos líricos (1911), and El Cristo de Velázquez (1920). His novels also express his impassioned concern with life and death; they are Niebla (1914; tr. Mist, 1928), Tres novelas ejemplares y un prólogo (1920; tr. Three Exemplary Novels and a Prologue, 1930), and La tía Tula (1921). His complete works were published in Spanish in 1951–52.

Bibliography

See studies by D. Basdekis (1969), M. Nozick (1971), M. J. Valdes (1973), and V. Oumiette (1974).

Unamuno (y Jugo), Miguel de

(born Sept. 29, 1864, Bilbao, Spain—died Dec. 31, 1936, Salamanca) Spanish philosopher and writer. He served twice as rector of the University of Salamanca (1901–14; 1931–36); he was dismissed first for espousing the Allied cause in World War I and later for denouncing Francisco Franco's Falangists. Though he also wrote poetry and plays, he was most influential as an essayist and novelist. In The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Peoples (1913), he stressed the role spiritual anxiety plays in driving one to live the fullest possible life. His most famous novel is Abel Sánchez (1917), a modern re-creation of the biblical story of Cain and Abel. The Christ of Velázquez (1920), a study in poetic form of the great Spanish painter, is a superb example of modern Spanish verse.