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water softening |
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water softening [′wȯd·ər ‚sȯf·ə·niŋ] (chemistry) Removal of scale-forming calcium and magnesium ions from hard water, or replacing them by the more soluble sodium ions; can be done by chemicals or ion exchange. Water softening The process of removing divalent cations, usually calcium or magnesium, from water. When a sample of water contains more than 120 mg of these ions per liter (0.016 oz/gal), expressed in terms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), it is generally classified as a hard water. Hard waters are frequently unsuitable for many industrial and domestic purposes because of their soap-destroying power and tendency to form scale in equipment such as boilers, pipelines, and engine jackets. Therefore it is necessary to treat the water either to remove or to alter the constituents for it to be fit for the proposed use. The principal water-softening processes are precipitation, cation exchange, electrical methods, or combinations of these. The factors to be considered in the choice of a softening process include the raw-water quality, the end use of softened water, the cost of softening chemicals, and the ways and costs of disposing of waste streams. See Water treatment How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. |
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| Government officials up and down the Santa Clara River have been trying to curb the use of so-called ``automatic'' water softeners that also contribute to the salt problem, and efforts under way in Santa Clarita could have a major effect in removing chloride from the water there. Its formula--a unique mixture of non-ionic surfactants, emulsifiers, water softeners and other biodegradable ingredients--cuts through oil, grease, sludge and dirt, encapsulating them into a solution that can be easily rinsed away. Injection molders produce parts for nine primary categories of appliances: vacuum cleaners, water softeners, freezers and refrigerators, dishwashers, laundry washers and dryers, cooking ranges, microwave ovens, air conditioners, and heating furnaces. |
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