Weill, Kurt

Weill, Kurt (krt` vīl), 1900–1950, German-American composer, b. Dessau, studied with Humperdinck and Busoni in Berlin. He first became known with the production of two short, satirical, surrealist operas, Der Protagonist (1926) and Der Zar lässt sich photographieren [the czar has himself photographed] (1928). More popular than these, however, was his melodious Dreigroschenoper (1928), a modern version of John Gay's Beggar's Opera, with book by Bertolt Brecht. Translated and adapted by Marc Blitzstein as The Threepenny Opera, it was first produced in New York City in 1933; revived in 1954, it ran for more than six years and has become one of the classics of the musical stage. Brecht was also the librettist of Weill's satiric opera Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny [rise and fall of the city Mahagonny] (1927; revised and expanded 1930). All these works were condemned as decadent by the rising followers of Hitler, and, in 1933, Weill left Germany for France.

In 1935 he emigrated to the United States, where he began writing sophisticated musicals, the most notable being Johnny Johnson (1936), Knickerbocker Holiday (1938; written with Maxwell Anderson), Lady in the Dark (1941), and One Touch of Venus (1943; written with Ogden Nash). In these works Weill employed with great facility advanced techniques, including multiple rhythms and polytonality, combined with the idiom of American popular music and jazz. His last works, in a more serious vein, included Street Scene (1947), Down in the Valley (1948), and Lost in the Stars (1949; written with Maxwell Anderson). His wife, the singer Lotte Lenya, played many of the leading roles in his works and was his defining interpreter. Weill also wrote some instrumental works; a cantata, Lindbergh's Flight (1929); and The Eternal Road (1934), a pageant of Jewish history originally composed in German with text by Franz Werfel. Weill became a U.S. citizen in 1943.

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Weill, Kurt (Julian)

(born March 2, 1900, Dessau, Ger.—died April 3, 1950, New York, N.Y., U.S.) German-born U.S. composer. Son of a cantor, by age 15 he was working as a theatre accompanist. He studied composition briefly with Engelbert Humperdinck, and a conductor's post gave him wide experience. For a master class with Ferruccio Busoni (1920), he wrote his first symphony. He gained attention with his one-act opera Der Protagonist (1925); its sparse and spiky style prefigured that of his greatest works. In 1927 he teamed with Bertolt Brecht to write The Threepenny Opera (1928) in a new “cabaret” style; the musical had enormous success in Berlin and elsewhere. In 1930 the two produced The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. When the Nazis took power in 1933, he fled to Paris with his wife, Lotte Lenya, where he wrote The Seven Deadly Sins (1933). In 1935 the couple immigrated to the U.S.; there he collaborated on musicals such as Knickerbocker Holiday (1938) and Lost in the Stars (1949). Two of his songs, the “Morität” (“Mack the Knife”) from Threepenny Opera and “September Song” from Knickerbocker Holiday, have remained especially popular.

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Weill, Kurt (1900–50) composer; born in Dessau, Germany. Son of a rabbi, after a moderately successful career as a musical avant-gardist he teamed with playwright Bertolt Brecht to create a series of popular theater works that joined radical social ideas to jazz-influenced music; most notable was the 1928 Threepenny Opera, which became a sensation across Europe and its best-known song "Mack the Knife" an international classic. Driven from Germany by the Nazis, he and his actress wife Lotte Lenya moved permanently to the U.S.A. in 1935; three years later came his first Broadway hit, Knickerbocker Holiday, which introduced the immortal "September Song." After other Broadway successes including Lady in the Dark (1941) and One Touch of Venus (1943), he wrote the "folk opera" Down in the Valley (1948), which used traditional Kentucky tunes. He died suddenly while working on a musical version of Tom Sawyer.

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Weill, Kurt 

Born Mar. 2, 1900, in Dessau; died Apr. 3, 1950, in New York. German composer and conductor.

Weill studied composition with E. Humperdinck and F. Busoni. During 1919-20 he presented operas as a conductor and producer in Dessau and Lüdenscheid. His satirical Threepenny Opera (a modernized version of The Beggar’s Opera by J. Gay and J. Pepusch with poetry by B. Brecht, 1928), which exposed contemporary bourgeois society, achieved worldwide fame. It marked the beginning of his collaboration with Brecht, for whose plays Weill wrote incidental music—ditties and ballads. Later, he composed operas for Brecht’s librettos (The Happy End, 1929; The Man Who Always Says “Yes” and The Rise and Fall of the Town of Mahagonny, 1930; and the ballet with songs The Seven Deadly Sins, 1933) and many other works.

In 1933, Weill immigrated to France. He lived in England and then, from 1935, in the USA. He worked for the Broadway theater (New York), writing so-called musicals (a form of musical comedy prevalent in the USA that has elements of variety stage and everyday music, choreography, and operetta). Weill attempted to introduce social criticism into this genre (the folk opera Street Scene, 1947; the opera Lost in the Stars, 1949; and others). He created a genre of sharply satirical topical drama with music. Attempting to establish a new type of opera for the mass audience, he introduced conversational speech, popular songs, fashionable dances, and elements of jazz music and urban folklore into opera. In addition to theater music, he wrote orchestral, chamber, and choral works, as well as music for the motion pictures and radio. Weill influenced Hindemith, Britten, Gershwin, and other composers.

REFERENCE

Leont’eva, O. “Kurt Vail’.” Sovetskaia muzyka, 1963, no. 1.