Zaibatsu

zaibatsu (zī`bäts) [Jap.,=money clique], the great family-controlled banking and industrial combines of modern Japan. The leading zaibatsu (called keiretsu after World War II) are Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Dai Ichi Kangyo, Sumitomo, Sanwa, and Fuyo. They gained a position in the Japanese economy with no exact parallel elsewhere. Although the Mitsui were powerful bankers under the shogunate, most of the other zaibatsu developed after the Meiji restoration (1868), when, by subsidies and a favorable tax policy, the new government granted them a privileged position in the economic development of Japan. Later they helped finance strategic semiofficial enterprises in Japan and abroad, particularly in Taiwan and Korea. In the early 1930s the military clique tried to break the economic power of the zaibatsu but failed. In 1937 the four leading zaibatsu controlled directly one third of all bank deposits, one third of all foreign trade, one half of Japan's shipbuilding and maritime shipping, and most of the heavy industries. They maintained close relations with the major political parties. After Japan's surrender (1945) in World War II, the breakup of the zaibatsu was announced as a major aim of the Allied occupation, but in the 1950s and 1960s groups based on the old zaibatsu reemerged as keiretsu. The decision on the part of these groups in the post–World War II era to pool their resources greatly influenced Japan's subsequent rise as a global business power.

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zaibatsu

(Japanese; “wealthy clique”)

Large capitalist enterprises of pre-World War II Japan, similar to cartels or trusts but usually organized around a single family. One zaibatsu might operate companies in many areas of economic importance; all zaibatsu owned their own banks, which they used as a means for mobilizing capital. After the war the zaibatsu were dissolved: stock owned by the parent companies was put up for sale and individual companies were freed from the control of parent companies. After the signing of the peace treaty in 1951, many companies began associating into what became known as enterprise groups; these differed from zaibatsu primarily in the informal manner that characterized policy coordination and in the limited degree of financial interdependency between member companies. Modern-day keiretsu are similar.

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Zaibatsu 

(Japanese, “financial clique”), a name designating monopolies and financial oligarchy in modern Japan. Until the end of World War II (1939-45) zaibatsu were concerns that comprised dozens of different companies under the control of the head family company. The largest of these concerns were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. Zaibatsu controlled the major branches of the economy, contributed to the militarization of Japan, and promoted aggression.

After World War II the former concerns were reorganized along the lines of modern American and Western European monopolies, each concern being free to buy and sell stock and make extensive use of foreign capital. This led to a greater concentration of production and capital, especially in the 1960’s. Today zaibatsu are financial monopoly groups—the major ones being Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Mitsui, Fuji, Daiichi-Kangyo, and Sanwa—comprising the country’s leading banks and insurance, industrial, and commercial companies. Zaibatsu have become stronger than ever since the war and are the leading force in the reactionary camp that governs Japan.

REFERENCES

Pevzner, la. A. Gosudarstvenno-monopolisticheskii kapitalizm v laponii posle vtoroi mirovoi voiny. Moscow, 1961.
Pigulevskaia, E. A. Monopolii ifinansovaia oligarkhiia v sovremennoi laponii. Moscow, 1966.
Kutsobina, N. “Vosstanovlenie iaponskikh monopolii.” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1968, no. 9.

IA. A. PEVZNER