Finally, it must be mentioned that, the temple may have accrued its associations with the
battle of Actium only a decade later.
There would be more years of fighting until 31 B.C., when Octavian, Caesar's nephew, collected all power to himself after defeating Mark Anthony in the
battle of Actium, which Virgil celebrated in his last poem, the Aeneid.
After 10 years of rivalry, he forced Lepidus into retirement and defeated Mark Antony and his Egyptian allies led by Cleopatra at the naval
battle of Actium.
Their bloody replay of Caesar and Pompey's earlier contest, complete with political compacts, arranged marriages, and agreements signed and broken, finally culminated in Octavian's defeat of Antony at the
battle of Actium in 31 B.C.
sworn enemies (
Battle of Actium, 31 BC), Antony's suicide after
The real point about this incident, which Shakespeare drives home to his audiences in his other Roman and early British plays, is that if Antony and Cleopatra with Enobarbus had won the
battle of Actium, Western Europe and its civilization could have been fashioned on a corrupted system of government with personal, arbitrary rule exercised by eastern-style potentates, instead of that offered by Rome which favoured the rule of law and a system of government by consent which Octavius represents for theatre-goers to the play.
until Antony's defeat in the
battle of Actium in 31 B.C.
Among the diverse crew are seventeenth-century pirates Anne Bonney and Mary Reed; Cleopatra, who commanded her own fleet at the
Battle of Actium; and Madame Cheng I Sao, a Chinese corsair.
Cleopatra and Mark Anthony were defeated by Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus, in the
battle of Actium in 31 B.C., which led the queen to commit suicide.
In two millennia, nobody has ever suggested that Cleopatra survived following her disastrous defeat at the
Battle of Actium, or that anyone murdered her.