Then they can adequately be considered as an ideal
Bose gas, whose properties are determined by Hamiltonian (16).
An ideal, dilute
Bose gas at very low temperature forms a Bose-Einstein Condensate in which all particles are in the same ground state.
In distinction with the ideal
Bose gas (IBG), which suffers the so-called Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in three dimensions, the IFG shows a smooth thermodynamic behavior as function of the particle density and temperature; this, however, does not preclude interesting behavior as has been pointed out in [28, 40], where it is suggested that the IFG can suffer a condensation-like process at a characteristic temperature [T.sup.0].
This combined effort resulted in the conceptualisation of a
Bose gas. In 1995 the first condensate was created, shortly after which another independent researcher demonstrated important BEC properties.
They cover experimental methods of ultracold atomic physics, theory and experiment with
Bose gas, experiment and theory with the Fermi gases and superfluids, low-dimensional atomic Bose gases, ultracold atoms and molecules in optical lattices, unitary Fermi gases, and potential insights into non-equilibrium behavior from atomic physics.
Further, we present a new model for description of charged Bose or Fermi liquid via a nonideal
Bose gas consisting of charged sound particles.
Partition function in the grand canonical ensemble for massless
Bose gas is defined as
of Parma, Italy) examines the elementary excitations in magnetic periodic structures, the spin waves or magnons, which are shown to behave like an ideal
Bose gas at low temperature and an interacting Bose system at higher temperature.
The motion of "solid particle" describes the longitudinal elastic wave which in turn represents a
Bose gas of neutral sound particles with spin 1 with finite mass m.
A
Bose gas in the dilute gas approximation is described by a field operator [??] with equal-time commutator (see, e.g., [16])