Clausius Equation on the Cosmical Apparent Horizon for an Isochoric Process.
Following Thomson's insight, thermodynamic laws were reformulated in 1865 by
Clausius as cosmological statements.
After
Clausius' work Boltzmann (and Gibbs) defined entropy statistically.
where the additional minus sign in the
Clausius relation is due to the direction of energy flux [8, 15].
That is, the faster a gradient is reduced, the less of its embodied energy can serve as exergy in the interests of its consumers, and the more of it will head toward the sink as (or further in the direction of) heat (Carnot 1824,
Clausius 1851).
Clausius defined order and disorder in strictly phenomenological terms.
Throughout this work, applying the unified first law of thermodynamics to the apparent horizon of FRW universe and using the
Clausius relation as well as the Cai-Kim temperature, we could obtain a relation for the effects of Lyra displacement vector on the entropy of apparent horizon.
Darwin's theory of descent with modification, which inspired both
Clausius and--ironically--Boltzmann, seems inexplicable in the context of time symmetry (Prigogine 1997, 18-19).
Outro fator elencado por Booker (1994) como mudanca de paradigma acerca da concepcao positivista de historia e de sociedade e a publicacao em 1850 da Segunda Lei da Termodinamica pelo fisico Rudolf
Clausius, que desenvolve a ideia de entropia e demonstra que quanto mais o sistema evolui, mais energia e consumida, ate que, por fim, entra em colapso.