merolae, its
cytosol and chloroplast were observed as a dark region surrounded by the edge of the cell and a bright white structure, respectively (Fig.
The classic motif is a hydrophobic residue in the nucleus and
cytosol.
After GH internalization, except for
cytosol localization, GH is also localized in some organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria (Lobie et al., 1994).
In the process of cross-presentation, a group of proteins, such as p97, translocates to endosomes to facilitate the transport of internalized antigen from endosomes to
cytosol [8, 13].
There are several main methods to improve the potency of immunotoxins, which include changing or mutating the toxin structure, assembling different fragments of antibodies, and changing the conjugation between the two parts.[sup][8] Point mutation techniques are used in remodeling original toxins.[sup][16] The binding domain of the toxin is removed or mutated to be non-effective, which results in much smaller constructs, such as PE38 (AA253-364 and AA381-613) and DT[sub]388 or DAB[sub]389 (the first 388 AA).[sup][17],[18],[19],[20] When the construct PE38 translocates into
cytosol, it transforms to components including AA280-364 and AA381-613 with only one cysteine residue at position 287.
Relocalization of NLRP3 to the mitochondria is followed by the secretion of mitochondrial factors into the
cytosol, potassium efflux through membrane ion channels, and release of cathepsin resulting in destabilization of lysosomal membranes.
DHB-induced apoptosis was found to be mediated through mitochondrial intrinsic pathway, evidenced by the loss of MMP, the release of cytochrome c into
cytosol, and the cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).