Embryopathy due to RA is being intensely investigated in view of the teratogenic potential of retinols and of the crucial role played by their receptors in embryo development.
It is related with a set of abnormalities termed Coumarin
embryopathy, as well as risk of fetal bleeding.
Maternal alcohol consumption confers to offspring a higher risk of ventricular septal [137] and atrial septal [138] defects with alcoholic
embryopathy, leading to minor cardiac abnormalities, even without structural congenital cardiac defects [139].
Another had a TOF, an abnormality which may occur as part of a postulated 'methimazole
embryopathy'.
The thymus is derived from the third pharyngeal pouch and develops under the inductive effect of neural crest cells.1 Defective development of the thymus is one of the main and consistent features encountered in congenital syndromes, including retinoic acid induced
embryopathy.2 Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent teratogen which primarily targets normal neural crest cell migration, affecting the development of neural crest derived structures.3 Impaired neural crest contribution leads to the deranged development of the thymus gland in a manner similar to that observed in congenital conditions, such as DiGeorge syndrome.2,4
Differential diagnosis of these skeletal abnormalities includes thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome, Roberts syndrome, thalidomide
embryopathy, Fanconi anaemia and Edward syndrome.
Brazilian Medical Genetics Society--Zika
Embryopathy Task Force Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly--Brazil, 2015.
New concepts in diabetic
embryopathy. Clin Lab Med 2013;33(2):207-33.
Avian model for 13-cis-retinoic acid
embryopathy:demonstration of neural crest related defects.
(20.) Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM, etal; Brazilian Medical Genetics Society--Zika
Embryopathy Task Force.