Functionally four-winged in-phase kinematics with the forewings leading is characteristic of scorpion flies (Mecoptera), lacewings (Neuroptera), primary moths (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae, Eriocraniidae), primitive caddisflies (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae), and stoneflies (Plecoptera) (Ellington 1984; Grodnitsky and Kozlov 1985; Ivanov 1985; Brackenbury 1992; Grodnitsky and Morozov 1992, 1994).
Functional morphology of wing apparatus and flight peculiarities in primary moths (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae, Eriocraniidae).