Glucagon promotes the capacity of hepatic
gluconeogenesis in early lactating cows [26].
This would decrease the availability of glycerol, increase the shift of pyruvate to
gluconeogenesis, and decrease the release of pyruvate by the liver.
G6Pase is an enzyme in
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which plays a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels (Nordlie and Sukalski, 1985).
Rahimi et al., "Metformin suppresses
gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase," Nature, vol.
Tsukamoto, "Hepatic NPC1L1 overexpression ameliorates glucose metabolism in diabetic mice via suppression of
gluconeogenesis," Metabolism, vol.
FGF21 promotes lipid catabolism, ketogenesis, and
gluconeogenesis and improves insulin sensitivity and is an important target gene of PPAR[alpha] in the liver [34, 35].
Precipitants like muscle dystrophy [12], significant weight loss (sarcopenia) [11], and chronic liver disease [24] aggravate glycogen depletion and curtail
gluconeogenesis with less substrates and poor liver function reserve.
But our liver keeps synthesizing more glucose (via
gluconeogenesis) and pouring it into our blood.
Four key enzymes regulate
gluconeogenesis in humans: pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphatase.
Lactate then enters either the Krebs cycle or
gluconeogenesis [5, 15].
de Souza et al., "Exercise training decreases mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 expression and suppresses hepatic
gluconeogenesis in obese mice," Journal of Physiology, vol.