He had limited depression in adduction (-2) in both eyes, but no IO
hyperfunction. Double Maddox rod test revealed 20 degrees of extorsion and fundus photography revealed +2 extorsion.
Several etiologies have been suggested to gummy smile, as vertical maxillary excess (1, 4-6, 8, 9), delayed passive eruption (1, 4, 6, 7, 9),
hyperfunction of the muscles involved in smiling (1, 6, 7, 9) and reduced length of the clinical crown of the teeth (1-3, 7), which can occur separately or together, and determine the type of treatment to be used.
Neck surface electromyography as a measure of vocal
hyperfunction before and after injection laryngoplasty.
Meanwhile, chronic administration of alcohol results in compensatory neuroadaptive changes that generate a state of hyperexcitability in the CNS, which can manifest clinically in withdrawal symptoms and which is due to glutamatergic, noradrenergic and calcium channel
hyperfunction as well as GABAergic hypofunction.
Hypertrophy and
hyperfunction of the diabetic kidney.
The more frequent chronic renal lesion is characterised by the
hyperfunction of nephrons remaining after the acute necrotising lesion, which leads to progressive scarring, and not by persistence or recurrence of the micro-angiopathic process.[16]
Any kind of stressor stimulus (physical and/or psychological) can trigger psychophysiological reactions that eventually result in
hyperfunction of the central nervous system and the endocrine system.
The hypo and
hyperfunction of the thyroid gland influences carbohydrate metabolism at the level of the functional unit of the pancreas: the islet cell, and GLUT governed glucose metabolizing biological cellular targets, posing important therapeutic and diagnostic intricacies.