Several previous studies have reported the
immunotoxic effects of ZEN in swine, particularly in inflammatory processes.
Zearalenone (ZEN): ZEN is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold Fusarium, and has been shown to be hepatotoxic, haematotoxic,
immunotoxic, and genotoxic.
Aflatoxins also show a wide range of
immunotoxic effects, they depress phagocytosis, intracellular killing and spontaneous superoxide production of macrophages.
Although pesticides have not been studied in animal models of RA, diverse
immunotoxic effects seen across different types of pesticides support a range of plausible mechanisms (Corsini et al.
Viral and non-viral vectors deliver the corrected gene; non-viral vectors have gained importance in the last few years as they are less
immunotoxic, can be administered repeatedly free of risk, and are easier to produce on a large scale.
Prolonged usage of repellents can cause neurotoxic and
immunotoxic hazards and in some cases lead to cancer.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly carcinogenic and
immunotoxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus (A) flavus and A.
Das, In Vitro Studies on
Immunotoxic Potential of Orange II in splenocytes, Toxicol.
The AFB1 causes hepatotoxicity, it is teratogenic and
immunotoxic. To be toxic to humans, suggestions of a relationship between in AFs heavily contaminated foods and some diseases are more recent.
The G12 antibody, developed to identify the highly
immunotoxic 33-mer peptide of the alpha-gliadin molecule, is a robust method for identifying those items with a strong likelihood of triggering a response in celiac patients.