Bunis, A Lexicon of the Hebrew and Aramaic Elements in Modern
Judezmo (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Misgav Yerushalayim, Institute for Research on the Sephardi and Oriental Jewish Heritage, 1993), 19; Corominas and Pascual, Diccionario critico etimologico, 2:469-470, q.v.; Yakov Malkiel, "A Latin-Hebrew Blend: Hispanic desmazalado" Hispanic Review 15 (1947): 272-301; Paul Wexler, Three Heirs to a Judeo-Latin Legacy: Judeo-Ibero-Romance, Yiddish and Rotwelsch, Mediterranean Language and Culture Monograph Series 3 (Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988), 74 n.
Thus in Morocco extensive combinations with Arabic produced Haketiya, in Italy (particularly Livorno) Tuscan dialect or other Italian imports produced an amalgam called 'Bagitto', in what today is Bosnia and Serbia, the local languages led to a special dialect and spelling of Ladino that local Jews called
judezmo, expressed today in songs, and in today's Turkey, where the largest group of Sephardic exiles settled, the Ladino, there called
judezmo or spanyolit, is influenced by Turkish.
It highlights the historical and sociolinguistic development of Turkic, Iranian, South Asian, Slavic, Greek, Balkan,
Judezmo, Armenian, Georgian, and Basque languages.
Sephardic Jews spoke Arabic, too, but inside the community, their language was
Judezmo, a Jewish language based on Spanish, with a written form called Ladino.
An example is a word of Greek origin, meletan, which was borrowed by Latin and survives in various Judeo-Romance languages (but not in other Romance languages) meaning "study" or "read." It became meltar in southern Loez (Judeo-Italian), meldar Dzhudezmo (Weinreich's way of spelling
Judezmo, nowadays often called Ladino), and miauder in western Loez (Judeo-French).
Other major sections extend the coverage to modern times, taking special note of the absorption of European literature into the Jewish cultural orbit via Hebrew, Yiddish, or
Judezmo translations, for instance, or the translation and reception of Jewish literature written in Jewish languages into other languages such as Arabic, English, French, German, or Russian.
David Bunis lists paxad as item 3285 in his Lexicon of the Hebrew-Aramaic Component in Modern
Judezmo (1993).
Not even native speakers agree on what to call what, in the academic world, is generally known as Judeo-Spanish; there are those who refer to it as "Landino," "
Judezmo," "Spanyolit," "El Kasteyano Muestro," and even simply "Espaniol." How to write the language using the Roman alphabet has also been problematic.
The Jews in Greece who spoke Judeo-Greek, also called Yevanic, were overwhelmed by the speakers of the language called Ladino or
Judezmo or Judeo-Spanish or Jidyo or Spanyol.