The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Lowercase Letter

a letter of ordinary size and shape, which is contrasted with the capital (uppercase) letter in contemporary writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, and Armenian alphabets. The opposition of lowercase and capital letters derives from the opposition of ordinary script letters to ornamental initials, which dates to between the 11th and 15th centuries in countries where the Latin alphabet was used. In the Russian Cyrillic script, the system of capital and lowercase letters was introduced in the early 18th century. In contrast to capital letters, which are derived essentially from the Latin capital script and other classical monumental scripts, the lowercase letters continue the traditions of medieval minuscule script, which was cursive in origin, and the manuscript styles of Russia and Armenia.

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[+ or -] SE) i 78.88 [+ or -] 0.38 cC 1,140.7 [+ or -] 6.4 2 80.73 [+ or -] 0.58 cdC 1,121.3 [+ or -] 13.0 3 82.78 [+ or -] 0.36 dC 985.3 [+ or -] 10.1 4 70.51 [+ or -] 1.01 bB 1,343.7 [+ or -] 22.3 5 23.60 [+ or -] 1.22 aA 2,109.7 [+ or -] 87.4 Control -- 2,831.0 [+ or -] 97.6 Days after application 28 Treatment Control effect (% [+ or -] SE) i 58.68 [+ or -] 0.23 bcBC 2 60.53 [+ or -] 0.46 cdBC 3 65.85 [+ or -] 0.35 dC 4 53.84 [+ or -] 0.76 bB 5 26.44 [+ or -] 3.05 aA Control -- Means within a column not followed by the same lowercase letter are significantly different by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at P < 0.05, and means within a column not followed by the same capital letter are significantly different by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at P < 0.01.

Appraisal of the impact of three insecticides on the principal rice pests and their predators in China

Upper and lowercase letter reading times are part of the second factor, but their factor loadings were negative.

The Loleva oral and written language test: psychometric properties

According to Microsoft (http://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/lowercase.htm) lowercase letter d with stroke (also known as dyet or dcroat) is used in Croatian, Vietnamese, Macedonian and Serbian language.

Geometrical measurements of diacritical dcroat sign

* The lowercase letter is used for newly identified measles genotypes, pending an update of measles genotypes in the World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Record.

Absence of transmission of the d9 Measles Virus--Region of the Americas, November 2002-March 2003. (Public Health Dispatch)

But news articles should avoid references to "Smith, a liberal" or "Smith, a conservative," because the lowercase letter ("l" or "c") connotes a political judgment by the writer rather than a party affiliation by the candidate.

Writing with 'wings' won't fly

Temperatures Grape cultivar/ PI ([degrees]C) Sugraone Crimson Selecao 8 Italia 26.0 13.00 aA 13.00 aA 12.70 aA 12.50 aA 28.0 15.00 aA 9.00 bB 14.70 aA 10.75 aB 29.1 9.90 bBC 9.30 bC 12.65 aA 12.20 aAB 31.8 8.85 bA 5.15 cB 6.80 bAB 7.85 bA CV(%) = 27.14 Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column and uppercase letter in the row do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

Infection by Xanthomonas campestris pv.viticola under temperature increase and carbon dioxide concentrations

Genotype NBM (ns) NEB May/12 March/13 May/12 March/13 Average AS * 21 21 28 28 28 a AR * 21 21 30 30 30 a AU * 21 21 28 28 28 a Cortibel4 21 21 28 28 28 a Cortibel6 21 21 26 26 26 ab Paluma 21 21 23 21 23 b Pedro Sato 21 21 23 23 23b CV (%) -- 13,6 Averages followed by the same lowercase letter on the column do not differ among themselves through the Tukey test at 5% probability.

Phenological characteristics of genotypes from cattley guava and guava trees submitted to fructification pruning/ Caracteristicas fenologicas de genotipos de aracazeiros e goiabeiras submetidos a poda de frutificacao