Exosome uptake through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and
macropinocytosis and mediating miR-21 delivery.
The first mechanism is through uptaking the protein from dying neuron through
macropinocytosis. The second mechanism is through uptaking the protein through exosomes of neighboring cells.
Hoffmann et al., "C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates
macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells," Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.
Among the possible mechanisms of uptake,
macropinocytosis has also been explored [189].
Swanson, "A role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the completion of
macropinocytosis and phagocytosis in macrophages," Journal of Cell Biology, vol.
Adenovirus triggers
macropinocytosis and endosomal leakage together with its clathrin-mediated uptake.
Vaccinia virus uses
macropinocytosis and apoptotic mimicry to enter host cells.
Parker, "The mechanism of cell uptake for luminescent lanthanide optical probes: the role of
macropinocytosis and the effect of enhanced membrane permeability on compartmentalisation," Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, vol.