The author's assertion that the Sayyid community is culturally
Makassarese (pp.
moerap(i) WCL, marrapi Gudang 'bamboo tobacco pipe,' reflecting ISEA forms like
Makassarese marapdwo 'bamboo.' Reflexes are widely diffused southward in CYP languages where they variably denote 'bamboo' or 'bamboo pipe' (Alpher 2017:215).
William Cummings' article focuses on the expansion of the
Makassarese sultanate (Gowa) in the sixteenth century.
Indigenous place based cultural groups (Goebel, 2010), so named because of their regional locations, include the Javanese, Sundanese, Bantenese, Betawi, Tengger, Osing and Badui from Java; the Madurese from Madura; Malays, Batak, Minangkabau, Acehnese, Lampung and Kubu groups from Sumatra; the Dayak and Banjar from Kalimantan;
Makassarese, Buginese, Mandar, Minhasa, Gorontalonese, Toraja and Bajau from Sulawesi; the Balinese and Sasak from the Sunda Islands; Nuaulu, Manusela and Wemale from the Moluccas; and Dani, Bauzi and Asmat from Papua.
It is worth noting that traditionally the concept of Rewa is tightly related the value of siri' (local concept of shame and dignity among
Makassarese and Buginese, two major ethnic groups in South Sulawesi) that refers to positive qualities, such as showing courage in defending dignity, earning a lot of money or gaining a high level of knowledge and skills (Mattulada, 1979, 1998).
For approximately two years the shaykh personally led a force of about five thousand Bantenese,
Makassarese, Javanese, and Buginese followers in skirmishes against the Dutch (Azra 2006: 97).
(=tn, nc', i't i[??]x i w c'n, n't, tx w) In
Makassarese, copy vowels protect stem-final consonants from NoCoda violations through insertion of a copy vowel.
Malays,
Makassarese, Melanesians, Papuans, Chinese, Arabs, and