The common type of anti-Semitism, ranging from the religious to the ethnic or racist variant, was often "naturally" combined with the adherence to
Pan-Germanism or some (not all) strands of Catholic conservatism.
However, by contrasting Schiller's
Pan-Germanism with the Duke's blind opposition to German unification, the director, Herbert Maisch, was to present the poet as a prophetic genius in an age marked by the despotism of antiquated princedoms and ignorant rulers.
Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities (1983) might have aided him in raising more sophisticated questions concerning "print vernaculars" and "languages of state," problems that Pan-Africanism shared with contemporary
Pan-Germanism.
Most important of all were the
Pan-Germanism of Georg Schonerer and the racial theories of Guido von List, Lanz von Liebenfels, Hans Goldzier and Otto Weininger.
The new German-Russian rapprochement could now take place by reaching further back in time to the traditions of pan-Slavism and
pan-Germanism of the nineteenth century.
German writer whose works were popular expressions of
Pan-Germanism and helped to prepare the climate of opinion in Germany that embraced the nationalist and expansionist policies of Adolf Hitler.
Coined by the New York Evening Post in its March 5, 1988, edition (Pepin, 1938: 11), the term "Pan-Americanism" did more than recall currents such as Pan-Slavism and
Pan-Germanism, which propped up new imperialist proposals in Europe; it borrowed from the latter the idea of trade as a tool of unification.
What had gone was the racism,
pan-Germanism, the anti-modernism of pre-1945 Volksgeschichte.
Nor was this totally lost on contemporary statesmen, for as a representative of Chile observed in 1916: |Pan-Americanism as applied by Wilson aims at United States domination just as
Pan-Germanism aims at Prussian control over Germany and even a larger area of Europe.' Yet, the chief feature of Wilson's policy was not its success, but its failure, and this underlines his failure to appreciate that the application of limited force is only of utility if its diplomatic and political goals are also limited in scope.