In one stage culture strategy, cells were treated by
sodium tungstate at the beginning of culture.
Sodium tungstate (NaW) is an inorganic salt that exerts potent insulin-mimetic and antidiabetic actions in animal models of diabetes by normalizing hepatic glycogen metabolism and blood glucose levels [11].
Sodium tungstate dihydrate ([Na.sub.2]W[O.sub.4] x 2[H.sub.2]O) and sodium metavanadate (NaV[O.sub.3]) were procured from MP Biomedicals, LLC, and Strem Chemicals, respectively.
The purification procedure is based on treating the
sodium tungstate solution in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, with subsequent passage through cation exchange resin [17].
Roy, "Estimation of activation parameters for diffusion-controlled crystallization of barium tungstate from
sodium tungstate melts by differential thermal analysis," Crystal Research and Technology, vol.
Manganese chloride (Mn[Cl.sub.2] x 4[H.sub.2]O) (99.8%, Sigma Aldrich) and
sodium tungstate ([Na.sub.2] W[O.sub.4] x 2[H.sub.2]O) (99.9%, Alfa Aesar) were used without further purification for the synthesis of MnW[O.sub.4].
Diluted 1ml serum with 8ml of water and added in it a half volume (0.5ml) of each of
sodium tungstate (100g NaWO3.2H2O/l) and 0.33 mol/l H2SO4 (20 ml of concentrated acid was diluted to 1 liter, standardized against a known NaOH solution, and adjusted if necessary) to make 1:10 dilution of serum.
Sodium tungstate di-hydrate ([Na.sub.2]W[O.sub.4].2[H.sub.2]O, 82.5 g, 250 mmol) was dissolved in 100 ml of water and was added to the red solution with vigorous stirring, followed by slow addition of concentrated sulfuric acid (42 ml, 17 M, 714 mmol).
The reaction was stopped by the addition of
sodium tungstate (100 g/l) and sulfuric acid (0.33 mM).
For starters, if you do have too much molybdenum in your systems, add some tungsten (
sodium tungstate) into your diet, which naturally reduces the concentration of molybdenum in human tissues.
Washington, Aug 28 (ANI): Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of tungstate activity in diabetes, researchers have now identified the pathways through which
sodium tungstate improves pancreatic function and beta cell proliferation.