Reducing
apoapsis about 1,480 kilometers (1,000 miles) closer to the surface allows the MAVEN orbiter to circle Mars more frequently--6.6 orbits per Earth day versus 5.3 previously--and communicate with the Mars rovers more frequently.
In particular, the semi-major axis of Ganymede (1.595 [R.sub.Eu]) almost matches the
apoapsis radius of the nominal 3: 2 orbit (1.621 [R.sub.Eu]).
Using this system, we can maximize directly any orbital elements or any other dynamical orbital parameters such as, the radius of periapsis and
apoapsis. For example, if the radius of
apoapsis, [r.sub.A] = a(1 + e) is differentiated, we obtain