This direct trauma to the oral mucosa by hard chewing of these substances and the effects of
arecoline plays a major role in pathogenesis of oral submucosal fibrosis.
[3] Nicotine and
arecoline present in tobacco and betel quid cause dyslipidemia and hypertension, resulting in CVD.
Among which
arecoline is the main causative agent which is responsible for fibroblast proliferation.
About 0.25 percent of all betel nuts are made up of
arecoline, the effects of which are similar to Nicotine, which produces a feeling of euphoria and acts as a stimulant.
It contains many alkaloids such as
arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine & guvacoline, of which
arecoline is the main agent.
These include
arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, guvacine, arecolidine, and choline (Chu, 2001; Farnsworth, 1976).
Huang, "Formulation optimization of
arecoline patches," The Scientific World Journal, vol.
It facilitates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the saliva of chewers and also facilitates the hydrolysis of
arecoline into arecaidine which in turn facilitates increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, which are essential for premalignant and malignant transformation of the affected tissues [53].
Craig, "Screening for Echinococcus granulosus in dogs: comparison between
arecoline purgation, coproELISA and coproPCR with necropsy in pre-patent infections," Veterinary Parasitology, vol.