Over longtime culture, dopaminergic neurons (DAn) differentiated from either ID-PD- or LRRK2-PD-iPSCs showed morphological alterations, including reduced numbers of neurites and neurite arborization, as well as accumulation of
autophagic vacuoles, which were not evident in DAn differentiated from Ctrl-iPSC.
In our study of MeHg-treated embryos, we observed cells with internal compartments delimited by membranes similar to
autophagic vacuoles or autophagosomes.
(c) Autophagy structure (white arrow) and
autophagic vacuoles (small black arrow) were also shown in the XXMD60 group.
During autophagy, however, lysosomes fuse with
autophagic vacuoles, resulting in an increase in the intensity and size of Lamp2 fluorescent puncta (Fig.
Monodansylcadaverine (MDC), a fluorescent compound, was used as a tracer of
autophagic vacuoles [20].
Autophagic vacuoles were detected by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining.