N face images are given for training; then, through the basic face representation process, they are represented as a D -dimensional vector (called the
base vector) while forming an N-by-D matrix, where D is defined by the code number of the local encoder and the grid density (e.g., D = 256 codes x 120 patches = 30,720).
The problem discussed above will be referred to as the BVD problem (
Base Vector Discontinuity problem).
In the mutation operator of most DE variants, a mutant vector can be treated as the lead individual to explore the search space and generated by adding a difference vector to a
base vector. We have observed, however, that these two vectors (i.e., base and difference vectors) in most of DE are usually selected randomly, which does not fully utilize the useful population information to guide the search.
Since both the frequency and time domain models are based upon functionally similar matrix coefficient, characteristic polynomials, the UMPA (m, n, v) terminology can be used for models in both domains to reflect the order of the denominator polynomial (m), the order of the numerator polynomial (n), and the order of the
base vector (v) involved in the basic UMPA formulation.
For the sake of convenient description, the solution which is selected to plus a perturbed value is called as the
base vector. [x.sub.r1] (the
base vector) is perturbed by adding to it the product of the control parameter and the difference of [x.sub.r2] between [x.sub.r3].
In this case (4) admits one-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by the
base vectorThe imaginary 3D
base vector i of the quaternionic number space is the imaginary base number of the complex number space.
Moreall, A Structural /Statistical feature
base vector for handwritten character recognition, Pattern Recognition Letters, 19, pp.