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Chin
a kingdom in ancient China from the 11th to fourth centuries B.C., located in what is now Shansi Province. From 632 to 546, Chin was one of the most powerful of the ancient Chinese kingdoms, and its ruler held the title of hegemon (pa). In the fifth century Chin was weakened by internecine struggles among the noble houses. As a result, it disintegrated into the three domains (subsequently kingdoms) Chao, Wei, and Han. Chin nominally continued to exist, however, until 369 B.C., when these kingdoms formally replaced it.
Chin
a state and dynasty of the Jurchens, who inhabited what is now Northeast China; in existence from 1115 to 1234.
The Chin state arose during a struggle between the Jurchens and the Khitans. The Khitan state, to which the Jurchens had been paying tribute, was destroyed in 1125 when Chin captured its territory. From 1125 to 1127, Chin fought the Northern Sung Dynasty, from which it captured a large part of North China, including K’aifeng, the capital of the empire. The Chin troops seized territory as far south as the Yangtze River.
In 1139, Chin signed a peace treaty with the state of the Southern Sung Dynasty, which, in accordance with the treaty, acknowledged its vassalage to Chin. By the mid-12th century, Chin had become a powerful Eastern Asian state, comprising the territory of what is now Northeast and North China and part of Inner Mongolia. In addition to the Southern Sung state, which paid tribute to Chin, Korea and the Tangut state of Hsi Hsia acknowledged their vassalage to Chin.
The Chin state was primarily based on the feudal mode of production, but slaveholding also played an important role. Chin was destroyed by Mongol invaders.
REFERENCE
Istoriia Kitaia s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei. Moscow, 1974.L. I. DUMAN
Ch’in
an imperial dynasty in China from 221 B.C. to 207 B.C. The dynasty was founded by Shih Huang Ti and its capital was Hsienyang.
During the period of Ch’in rule, the first centralized state in Chinese history was established, and the country was subdivided into 36 provinces, governed by officials who were appointed by the emperor. The state ideology was Legism (seeFA-CHIA). Under the Ch’in Dynasty, the tax burden on the people was intensified as a result of continual wars in the northern and southern parts of the country and the construction of the Great Wall and numerous palaces. A series of popular uprisings broke out in late 209 and early 208; the leaders of these uprisings included Ch’en Sheng, Wu Kuang, and Liu Pang. After Liu Pang’s army captured Hsienyang, the Ch’in Dynasty came to an end.
REFERENCE
Perelomov, L. S. Imperiia Tsin’—pervoe tsentralizovannoe gosudarstvo v Kitae. Moscow, 1962.Ch’in
an ancient Chinese kingdom that arose circa the tenth century B.C.; initially dependent on the Chou Dynasty. The territory of Ch’in comprised what is now the western and northwestern part of Shansi Province, the eastern part of Kansu Province, and the northern part of Szechwan Province. During the Chan Kuo period (fifth to third centuries B.C.), Ch’in was one of the seven most powerful states in China; these states were independent of the Chou monarchy. Ch’in was strengthened as a result of the reforms of Shang Yang. Over a period beginning in the mid-fourth century B.C. the kingdom warred with the other Chinese states; by 221 B.C. it had established its supremacy, thus forming the centralized Ch’in Empire.
Chin
a national administrative division in Burma, in the mountainous northwestern section of the country. Area, 33,000 sq km. Population, 354,000 (1969). The district is inhabited primarily by people of the Chin nationality. Falam is the principal city. Agriculture and logging are the basis of the economy.