The shape of the spectrum is consistent with octahedral environment around Cu(II) ion and the higher g value for the investigated [Cu(MFMAQ)Cl] complex (Table 5), when compared to that of free electron (g = 2.24) revealing an appreciable
covalency of metal ligand bonding with d[x.sup.2]-[y.sup.2] as the ground-state characteristic of octahedral stereochemistry [19].
Using EPR
covalency character has been (calculated as 0.74) enhanced between metal and ligand in the compound.
Most (98%) commercial reactive dyes are fixed under alkaline conditions.In order to achive maximum wash fastness of a reactive dyeing, the hydrolysed dye which is present in the fibre and held by weaker affinity forces, than
covalency, should be completely removed, as otherwise it would lower the wash fastness of the dyeing because of its lower substantivity to cellulose.
Beside implying a low Poisson ratio, the very high G/B ratio holds implications for several other crystal-bonding properties:
covalency, Cauchy-relation departure, many-body forces, and others.
In this study we use semiempirical computational methods to show that taxol can form a octahedral geometry with Fe(III) with bonds on the order of 1.90 to 2.50 Angstroms, suggesting
covalency. This is the same geometry and distances found in many known siderophores.
The lowering of the energy of [sup.3]P state is a measure of
covalency among other effect which is expressed as Nephelauxetic effect and represented as [[beta].sub.0].
Consequently, the electrons in both bonds must overlap to some degree, indicating that the electron in the hydrogen bond is circulating around two linked atoms--the hallmark of
covalency.