Although
cystinuria is a rare disorder, it is the most common of the rare stone disorders, accounting for 6% to 8% of stones in children and 1% of stones in adults (Biyani & Cartledge, 2006; Prot-Bertoye et al., 2015).
Cystine stones occur in individuals who have hereditary
cystinuria (2).
Risk for stones is higher in those with family histories of stones; those who have urinary tract infections, kidney disorders and metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism,
cystinuria (too much of an amino acid called cystine) and hyperoxaluria (excess production an oxalate salt); and those with a disease called renal tubular acidosis.
We evaluated the benefit of fractionated 24-h urine collection for 9 patients with homozygous
cystinuria (ages 8-65 years, 4 males) (Table 1).
Although any breed can develop
cystinuria, certain breeds are most affected.
Non-type I
cystinuria caused by mutations in SLC7A9, encoding a subunit ([b.sup.0,+]AT) of rBAT.
The IMD included in the high risk screening in our program include Homocystinuria,
Cystinuria, Tyrosinemia, Urea Cycle Disorders, Non ketotic Hiperglycinemia, Hartnup disease, Fanconi syndrome (Cystinosis), Hereditary Fructose Intolerance, the Mucopolysacaridosis and Lesh-Nyhan syndrome, as well as hereditary disorders of lipoprotein metabolism.
Molecular genetics has played a key role in nephrology, particularly in determining the genetic origins of single gene disorders including polycystic kidney disease,
cystinuria, Alport's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, and various renal neoplasms (George & Neilson, 2000).
RARE disorders of metabolism like that of
cystinuria may be complicated by kidney stones.
These include Familial Mediterranean Fever, which turns out to be prevelent in Ashkenazic as well as Sephardic Jews, and
Cystinuria, which is only common among Libyan Jews.
Although no longer used routinely in rheumatology, D-penicillamine has been used for Wilson's disease, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, and
cystinuria. D-penicillamine can induce one of several autoimmune diseases besides the one for which it is prescribed, including polymyositis or dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis, or Goodpasture's syndrome, Dr.
Several genetic defects in specific carriers needed for tubular reabsorption of specific amino acids cause aminoaciduria, including
cystinuria and Hartuup disease.