But the synthesis never `takes', the bridging exercise never actually abolishes the oppositional
dichotomy; indeed, it is preserved.
This version of the
dichotomy stresses insulation from politics by positing that elected officials cannot interfere with the administration or implementation of policy.
Although legislative control of administration is critical, he argued, "it is nevertheless important to remember that the administration cooperates indispensably with the legislature, and that without its assistance, the task of legislation would become much less informed and much less effective." These founding fathers of the field never advocated the
dichotomy attributed to them--a conclusion demonstrated repeatedly (Golembiewski 1977; Rabin and Bowman 1984, 4; Rohr 1986, 31; Van Riper 1984, 209-10).(2) Still, the myth that public administration began as a narrow, confined, and insulated activity is regularly repeated partly because, as Lynn implies, it is self-satisfying to view ourselves as enlightened and to view earlier, particularly prewar scholars and practitioners, as benighted.
Business schools have taught the importance of planning for years, but recent research points out a
dichotomy between what these schools preach and what they and their communicators practice.
Nothing in this rigid win-loss
dichotomy permits the notion that everyone could end up a beneficiary, that expansion rather than substitution might be possible, and that the favoring of multiple cultures is enhancement of the total rather than a sweepingly reflexive act of favoritism for anything other than the monolithic purity of an all-white nation."
This
dichotomy of opinion by two important programs of the AMA was not significant until the phrase "not on an investigational basis" was added to the handbook in 1991.
She drew attention to the
dichotomy which exists between an idea and the expression of that idea as they relate to exclusive ownership, publication and reproduction rights.
According to his autobiographical essay Taiyo to tetsu (1968; translated as Sun and Steel , 1970), his lifelong concern was with the
dichotomy between mind and body that he thought plagued modern civilization.
Every nation has one
dichotomy or the other, if it is not the north/south, it is versus blocs or religious or even ideological dichotomies.