Although such metals are also present in early-type stars, at the hotter temperatures they are more highly ionized, so the neutral metal lines disappear from the spectrum.
The remaining sources include photospheres and winds of the massive and hot early-type stars, cataclysmic variables, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and such unique objects as the Vela supernova remnant, Cygnus Loop, and Jupiter-Io torus.
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