These calculated values are sufficient for a possible efficient
electron injection into LUMO of the acceptor.
Further, to boost up the injections of electrons from the CGL to the neighboring emitting unit, the combination of thin layers of Al (aluminium) along with LiF (Lithium Fluoride) is used as
electron injection material.
As shown in Figure 5, all [E.sub.ox.sup.*] values are more negative than the CB edge of Ti[O.sub.2] (-0.5 V versus NHE), ensuring an efficient
electron injection process from the excited state of the dyes into the Ti[O.sub.2] electrode.
We hypothesized that, since the pigments were derived from a single species, desirable interactions between dyes could be achieved through synergistic effect in improving
electron injection, light harvesting, and limitation of electron recombination.
Later on, Swanson and his colleagues explained
electron injection phenomena and its effect to the potential structure inside the chamber [11].
Thus, the hole injection barrier is [DELTA][E.sub.h] = [E.sub.HOMO] - 4.8 (eV) (4.8 eV is the work function of the ITO anode), whereas the
electron injection barrier is [DELTA][E.sub.e] = 4.3 - [E.sub.LUMO] (eV), where 4.3 eV is the work function of aluminum cathode.
On the other hand, the [J.sub.sc] of DSSCs is also associated with the dark current, which can be given by the equation [J.sub.sc] = [J.sub.inj] - [J.sub.rec], where [J.sub.inj] and [J.sub.rec] are the
electron injection current density and the recombination current density, respectively [20].
Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on
electron injection and charge generation in AC field-induced polymer electroluminescence.