In evolutionary terms, sex ratio evolution is a classic example of negative
frequency-dependent selection.
Frequency-dependent selection by wild birds promotes polymorphism in model salamanders.
Keywords: Alces alces, antlers,
frequency-dependent selection, moose, phenotypic change, selection plateau, social stress
Clarke (1969) and others (reviewed in Allen 1988) have argued that
frequency-dependent selection on color morphs as a result of differential predation (apostatic selection) is responsible for the maintenance of many visible polymorphisms.
Chemical agents, which are behaviorally and evolutionarily static, may be less likely to induce
frequency-dependent selection on target pests than arise from biocontrol agents, which may be behaviorally plastic and also have their own evolutionary dynamics.
However, this is not necessarily the case:
frequency-dependent selection involving the ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) locus in laboratory populations of D.
Frequency-dependent selection has received wide attention from evolutionary biologists.
The chapters include life-history evolution, foraging theory,
frequency-dependent selection, evolutionary game theory, kin selection, sex ratio theory, sexual selection (in 14 pages!), and the evolution of sex.
Frequency-dependent selection, disruptive selection, and the evolution of reproductive isolation.
In addition, Jaenike (1996) proposes that polymorphism may be maintained by
frequency-dependent selection, if distorting males are more rapidly sperm depleted than standard males in multiple matings.
At least one polymorphism was stably maintained by
frequency-dependent selection via a cross-feeding interaction (Turner et al.
434-580), and deals with density-dependent and
frequency-dependent selection and selection on host-pathogen relations.