Kinin B1 and B2 receptor expression in osteoblasts and fibroblasts is enhanced by interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha.
Cloutier, "
Kinin receptors in pain and inflammation," European Journal of Pharmacology, vol.
Chao, "Tissue kallikrein and
kinin infusion promotes neovascularization in limb ischemia," Biological Chemistry, vol.
Nevertheless, the
kinin pathway is thought to play a larger role in tPA-induced angioedema than the complement pathway.
Indian red scorpion (Buthus tamulus) venom-induced augmentation of cardiac reflexes is mediated through the mechanisms involving
kinins in urethane anaesthetized rats.
Mixing propofol with 1% lidocaine in inducing the anesthesia of preschoolers can dramatically reduce the injection pain (59% vs 22.5%).17 Lidocaine may be able to stabilize the
kinin cascade induced by propofol.
Yates, "Rostral ventrolateral medulla as a site for the central hypertensive action of
kinins," Hypertension, vol.
It is speculated that the pain is due to formation of
kinins, including bradykinin.
The KNG gene, which is one of the members of a cystatin-like superfamily, has potential roles in angiogenesis and (or) tumor development.[sup][20]
Kinins that derived from KNG involved in cell proliferation, leukocyte activation, cell migration, endothelial cell activation, and nociception.[sup][21] Kashuba et al .[sup][22] thought that KNG may be a novel therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the possible association with prognosis.
Snake venom protein (such as phospholipase A2 metalloproteinases serinoproteases L-amino acid oxidases lectin and other) and peptides (brady
kinin potentiators analgesic peptides and other) have found practical application as pharmaceutical agents with significant therapeutic values.
"
Kinin" is considered as hypotensive polypeptide, contracting most isolated smooth muscles.