nicotine

nicotine

a colourless oily acrid toxic liquid that turns yellowish-brown in air and light: the principal alkaloid in tobacco, used as an agricultural insecticide. Formula: C₁₀H₁₄N₂

Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005

nicotine

[′nik·ə‚tēn]

(organic chemistry)

C₁₀H₁₄N₂ A colorless liquid with a boiling point of 247.3°C; miscible with water; used as a contact insecticide fumigant in closed spaces.

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Nicotine

 

(named after the French diplomat J. Nicot, who in 1560 was the first to introduce tobacco into France), 1-methyl-2 (3-pyridyl)-pyrrolidine, a volatile, colorless liquid alkaloid with a characteristic odor; boiling point, 247°C. Nicotine, a strong base, is readily soluble in water and organic solvents. It turns cinnammon-brown on exposure to air. It has the following structural formula:

Nicotine is present as salts of acetic, citric, and malic acids, constituting about 2 percent of the weight of Nicotiana tabacum leaves and about 8 percent of the weight of N. rustica leaves; it is also found in other plants.

Nicotine is sublimated during the smoking of tobacco. It penetrates with the smoke into the respiratory tract and, after being absorbed, acts on the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and on the cholinergic structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The action of nicotine is two-phase: excitatory in low doses and inhibitory and causing paralysis of the nervous system, respiratory standstill, and cardiac arrest in large doses. Nicotine is one of the most toxic alkaloids; a few drops amounting to 100–200 mg—the quantity contained in 200 g of tobacco—may cause death when injected into man. Nicotine is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes but is also quickly excreted and neutralized. However, the repeated absorption of low doses during smoking causes habituation, addiction, and chronic intoxication. Acute poisoning is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intensified salivation, and, at times, convulsions and disturbances of hearing and vision. Medical treatment of acute nicotine poisoning is aimed at maintaining respiration, since paralysis of the respiratory center results in death.

Nicotine has long been used in pharmacological and physiological experiments. It has no therapeutic value. It is used in the form of a 40-percent aqueous solution of nicotine sulfate, in the form of a water extract from tobacco, and in the form of other preparations as an insecticide to control crop pests.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.