Sequence variation of
ookinete surface proteins pvs25 and pvs28 of Plasmodium vivax isolates from southern Mexico and their association to local anophelines infectivity.
Phylogenetic Gene ID classification Trophozoite Schizont Merozoite PF3D7_0204700 Clade 2 + + + PF3D7_0919500 Clade 4 nd nd nd Blood stage Gene ID Gametocyte I Gametocyte II Gametocyte III PF3D7_0204700 + + nd PF3D7_0919500 nd nd nd Mosquito/sexual stage Gene ID Gametocyte IV Gametocyte V
Ookinete Sporozoite PF3D7_0204700 nd + nd + PF3D7_0919500 nd nd nd + Phylogenetic classification (see Figure 1); +: protein expression is detected; nd: not detected.
Plasmodium enolase plays a crucial role during
ookinete invasion of mosquito midgut, an essential step in Plasmodium life cycle in mosquito.
During this phase, it is possible to interrupt the fertilization process and
ookinete invasion to the mosquito's intestinal cells, preventing development of the parasite within the mosquito and, hence, its transmission to other susceptible individuals (14).
The Imperatoxin I completely inhibited both fecundation and
ookinete formation within in vitro micromolar concentrations [53].
Anti-vector transmission-blocking vaccines inhibit parasite development by preventing
ookinete Interaction with mosquito midgut ligands.
More significantly, this study discovered the Imd pathway signal transducing factors and effectors that will mediate a successful reduction of parasite infection at their early
ookinete stage, as well as in the later oocyst stage when the levels of infection were similar to those found in nature.
Cryofracture electron microscopy of the
ookinete pellicle of Plasmodium gallinaceum reveals the existence of novel pores in the alveolar membranes.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: a refractory mechanism of
ookinete killing in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae.
AZT might interfere with transmission by exoerythrocytic inhibition of parasite liver stages in humans and mice (3) and by interference with
ookinete and sporozoite production in mosquitoes (4).