The key effects of SMAs associated with the
phase transformation are pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect.
No negative effects were found on the
phase transformation and the mechanical properties (surface microhardness and fracture toughness).
In the austenite
phase transformation, the growth of the austenite grain is controlled by the diffusion of the element.
The highest anatase to rutile
phase transformation occurred at 500[degrees] C when Ti[O.sub.2] was doped with carbon only, with less rutile formed in Ag/C codoped Ti[O.sub.2] (0.7% Ag) photocatalyst with 2.20% anatase and 97.80% rutile.
Moreover, [L.sub.0], L, [L.sup.A.sub.0] and [L.sup.A] are parameters related to critical stress for
phase transformation.
* Oxidation of aluminum by changing concentration in the near-surface area induces
phase transformation. Such transformations are abrupt since intermetallic phases are observed;