A pipe may indicate a peaceful outcome to a troublesome situation, as in smoking a “peace pipe.” A pipe may also represent knowledge or contemplation, as symbolized by the stereotypical professor puffing on his pipe. Alternatively, if the pipe in the dream is a conduit, as in a pipeline, then the interpretation may be of communication—hopefully the pipe is clear of rust and corrosion.
laptops (dell | toshiba)
laptops (dell OR toshiba)
(1) The common name for wind instruments that are related to single- and double-tube flutes.
(2) A Russian musical instrument (svirel’), a type of double-tube, vertical flute. One of the tubes usually measures from 300 mm to 350 mm long, and the second, from 450 to 470 mm. Each tube has a whistle structure in the upper end and three finger holes in the lower end for altering the pitch. The tubes are tuned a fourth apart. Together, they cover a diatonic scale with a range of a seventh.
(3) In literature, panpipes, which consist of a row of tubes. Kuvikly are also called panpipes.
(or tube), a hollow cylindrical or shaped product whose length is great in comparison to its cross section. In spite of their relatively light weight, pipes are highly resistant to bending and torsion.
Steel and nonferrous metal pipes are made mainly in circular sections, but they are also produced in square, rectangular, oval, and other sections. Cast-iron and nonmetallic pipes and tubing (made of glass, asbestos cement, and plastic) normally have a circular cross section.
Metal pipe and tubing is classified according to method of production as seamless, welded, or cast. Seamless tubing, with an outside diameter of 1–820 mm (for special applications, up to 1,420 mm), is produced from ingots and round bars by drawing or rolling (see). Welded pipe, with an outside diameter of 8–1,620 mm (for special applications, more than 2,500 mm), is made from steel plate, strip, or skelp, with preparatory forming on presses and forming mills (see). Cast pipe, with an outside diameter of 50–1,000 mm, is produced on pipe-casting machines (see).
Steel pipe and tubing is divided into six grades. Grades 1 and 2 are produced from carbon steel. Grade 1, called standard and natural-gas pipe, is used for ordinary applications, such as the construction of scaffolding, partitions, or supports, for laying cables and irrigation systems, and for local distribution and supply of gases and liquids. Grade 2 pipe is used for high-pressure and low-pressure mains for natural gas, petroleum, water, petrochemical products, fuels, and solid substances (see). Grade 3 pipe is used in systems operating under pressure and at high temperatures—for example, in the chemical and food-processing industries, in nuclear engineering, in piping for petroleum cracking plants, and in furnaces and boilers. Grade 4 pipe is used as drill, casing, and auxiliary piping in the prospecting and exploration of petroleum deposits. Grade 5 pipe, or structural tubing, is used in the construction of transportation equipment, such as motor vehicles and railroad cars, in such steel structures as bridge cranes, masts, drilling towers, and supports, and for furniture parts. Grade 6 tubing is used in machine building for production of pump cylinders and pistons, bearing rings, shafts, and other machine parts, and pressure vessels. Steel pipe is divided into three size categories: small (with an outside diameter of up to 114 mm), medium (114–480 mm), and large (480–2,500 mm and more).
Some pipe is heat-treated to improve the structure and properties of the materials. To protect against corrosion and abrasion, pipe can be coated with nonmetallic materials, such as plastic, cement, asphalt, paint, and varnish, or it can be encased in basalt, rubber, glass, or similar materials. Steel pipe and tubing accounts for most of the world production of tubular products.
Cast-iron pipe with an inside diameter of 65–1,000 mm is made from gray cast iron, which is machinable. It is used mainly for water-supply lines (bell-mouthed pressure pipe), in refrigeration plants and acid pipelines (flanged pressure pipe), in the heat exchangers, condensers, and coolers of soda-ash plants (soda-ash pressure pipe), for sewerage systems (nonpressured overflow and sewage pipe), and in gas and petroleum pipelines (nonpressured pipe).
Nonmetallic pipe is manufactured from polymer materials (diameter up to 300 mm), asbestos cement (50–500 mm), reinforced concrete (500–1,600 mm), heat-resistant glass (up to 100 mm), and basalt (up to 1,100 mm). The way in which pipe is produced from various nonmetallic materials is determined by the characteristics of manufacture of the materials. For example, asbestos-cement pipe is produced on pipe-molding machines, and basalt pipe is fabricated by casting in molds (seeSTONE CASTING and ROCK-CASTING INDUSTRY). Plastic pipe is used in water-supply systems. Asbestos-cement and reinforced-concrete pipe is used not only in water-supply systems but also in irrigation and drainage systems. Glass pipe is used for pipelines in the chemical, food-processing, and pharmaceutical industries, and cast-stone pipe is used to convey abrasive materials and slurries in the coal industry and in metallurgy and power engineering.
M. SH. KAUFMAN