a land or water area on which the natural state of its entire natural complex is maintained. Areas designated as preserves are usually those that are typical for particular geographic zones or regions or that contain natural objects that are of value from a scientific point of view, such as species of flora and fauna, types of landscapes, or minerals. The category also includes museum preserves, which may contain an entire city or any part of a city, an estate, or a park representing a particular historical, artistic, or memorial heritage.
Preserves are one form of nature preservation; multifaceted integrated nature study is conducted in them. Preserves and similar areas acquire particular significance because their network encompasses virtually all natural zones (see the list following the References section).
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia, a number of preserves had been established: Askaniia-Nova, the Lagodekhi Preserve, Moricsala, the Vaika Preserve, the Barguzin Preserve, and Kedrovaia Pad’. A broad system of preserves has been created during the years of Soviet power. V. I. Lenin provided a great deal of support for the preservation of natural zones. In 1919 the Astrakhan Preserve was created with his approval. In 1920, Lenin signed a decree on the establishment of the ITmen Preserve in the southern Urals. The decree On the Preservation of Monuments of Nature, Gardens, and Parks was promulgated on Sept. 16, 1921, and laws on preservation of nature were subsequently adopted in the Union republics. As of 1971 there were more than 90 preserves in the USSR, with a territory of more than 7 million hectares (ha). Favorable conditions have been created in these preserves for stationary long-term observation of natural phenomena and the life of wild animals and plants in their natural state. The scientific activity of pre-serves is conducted in close contact with institutes and branches of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of sciences of the Union republics, universities, and other research and educational institutions. Scientific work conducted in preserves has provided extensive material for the development of ecology and the preparation of methods for the preservation and rational use of various natural resources. The results of scientific observations are presented in the publications of the Trudy (Transactions) of the preserves and in monographs and press articles.
L. K. SHAPOSHNIKOV
Legal status. In Soviet law the term “preserve” is used to indicate (1) fully protected land or water areas containing natural objects of particular scientific or cultural interest and value and (2) scientific research establishments for which specific land or water areas have been set aside. The lands of preserves are totally removed from economic use. Any activity that would disturb the natural state or threaten the preservation of natural objects is forbidden by law both on the territory of the preserve and in the surrounding protective zone. Prohibited activities include all hunting, trapping, and destruction by any means of birds and animals or their nests and lairs, fishing, collection of eggs or down, cutting of bushes or trees, mining, pasturing of livestock, cutting of hay, and the construction of industrial, agricultural, or other installations not associated with the activities of the preserve. Foot and motor traffic may pass through the preserve only on public roads or trails. Outsiders may be on the territory of preserves with the permission of the local administration. Persons without such permission are considered poachers if they have weapons or fishing tackle with them. The status of each preserve is determined by the Council of Ministers of the Union republic in which it is located, on the basis of the Statute on the State Preserves of the USSR of Oct. 27, 1951, and the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 10, 1961, On the Regulation of the System of State Preserves and Hunting Preserves (Collection of Decrees of the USSR, 1961, no. 10, art. 82). According to this decree, new preserves are created by decisions of the Councils of Ministers of Union republics in coordination with Gosplan (State Planning Committee) of the USSR. Such forms of nature preservation as national (people’s or natural) parks and reserves, which in many respects are similar in legal status to preserves in the USSR, are widespread in foreign countries.
O. S. KOLBASOV
RSFSR
Altai Preserve (1934, 863,805)
Barguzin Preserve (1916, 248,200)
Bashkir Preserve (1930, 72,049)
Bol’she-Khekhtsir Preserve (1963, 46,000)
Caucasus Preserve (1924, 262,500)
Darwin Preserve (1945, 112,600)
Kandalaksha Preserve (1932, 28,893)
Kedrovaia Pad’ (1916, 17,900)
Khingan Preserve (1963, 58,300)
Khoper Preserve (1935, 16,200)
Khungariiskii Preserve (1966, 2,000)
Kivach (1931, 10,315)
Komosomol Preserve (1963, 32,200)
Kronotsk Preserve (1934, 964,000)
Lapland Preserve (1930, 158,400)
Lazov (until 1970, Sudzukhe) Preserve (1936, 116,500)
Mari Preserve (1968, 14,452)
Oka Preserve (1935, 22,900)
Pechora-Ilych Preserve (1930, 721,322)
P. G. Smidovich Mordvinian Preserve (1935, 32,100)
Prioksko-Terrasnyi Preserve (1945, 4,800)
Severnaia Osetiia Preserve (1967, 26,133)
Sikhote-Alin’ Preserve (1935, 310,100)
Stolby (1925, 47,200)
Suputinsk Preserve (1932, 16,500)
Teberda Preserve (1936, 83,400)
Tsentral’nolesnoi Preserve (1931, 21,400)
V. I. Lenin Astrakhan Preserve (1919, 72,500)
V. I. Lenin Il’men Preserve (1920, 32,100)
Volga-Kama Preserve (1960, 7,538)
Voronezh Preserve (1927, 30,800)
V. V. Alekhin Central Chernozem Preserve (1935, 4,200)
Zeia (1963, 82,300)
Zhiguli (1937, 19,411)
Ukrainian SSR
Askaniia-Nova(1921, 10,500)
Black Sea Preserve (1927, 45,500)
Carpathian Preserve (1968, 12,672)
Kanev Preserve (1968, 1,035)
Lugansk Preserve (1968, 988)
Poles’e Preserve (1968, 19,932)
Ukrainian Steppe Preserve (four sections) (1925–37, 2,115)
Azov-Sivash Natural and Hunting Preserve (1927, 12,000)
Crimean Natural and Hunting Preserve (1923, 26,600)
Byelorussian SSR
Berezina Preserve (1925, 76,500)
Belovezha Forest, Natural, and Hunting Preserve (1939, 74,200)
Uzbek SSR
Aral-Paigambar Preserve (1964, 4,000)
Chatkal Mountain and Forest Preserve (1947, 34,800)
Zaamin Mountain and Forest Preserve (1960, 10,500)
Kazakh SSR
Aksu-Dzhabagli Preserve (1926, 75,000)
Alma-Ata Preserve (1935, 71,700)
Barsakel’mes Preserve (1939, 18,500)
Naurzum Preserve (1930, 100,000)
Georgian SSR
Adzhameti Preserve (1946, 4,848)
Algeti Preserve (1965, 6,400)
Babaneuli Preserve (1960, 762)
Batsara Preserve (1957, 3,052)
Borzhomi Preserve (1935, 18,027)
Gumisti Preserve (1941, 13,055)
Kintrish Preserve (1959, 6,943)
Kolkhida Preserve (1935, 500)
Lagodekhi Preserve (1912, 13,283)
Mariamdzhvar Preserve (1959, 1,098)
Miussera Preserve (1946, 3,579)
Pitsunda Preserve (1947, 150)
Ponti Preserve (1957, 1,400)
Ritsa Preserve (1947, 16,123)
Sagurami Preserve (1946, 5,083)
Satapli Preserve (1957, 300)
Tsiskari Preserve (1959, 3,928)
Vashlovani Preserve (1946, 5,952)
Azerbaijan SSR
Gek-GeP (GeigeF) Preserve (1925, 7,500)
Girkanskii Preserve (1936, 3,100)
S. M. Kirov Kyzylagach Preserve (1929, 88,000)
Turianchai Preserve (1958, 12,700)
Zakataly Preserve (1930, 25,300)
Lithuanian SSR
žuvintas(1946, 5,421)
Latvian SSR
Engures (1957, 1,340)
Grini (1957, 700)
Moricsala(1912, 835)
šlítere (1957, 7,860)
Kirghiz SSR
Issyk-Kul Preserve (1958, 781,600)
Sary-Chelek Preserve (1959, 20,700)
Tadzhik SSR
Ramit(1959, 16,100)
Tigrovaia Balka (1938, 41,100)
Armenian SSR
Dilizhan Preserve (1958, 28,900)
Khosrov Preserve (1958, 21,100)
Turkmen SSR
Badkhyz Preserve (1941, 85,700)
Krasnovodsk Preserve (1932, 270,000)
Repetek Preserve (1928, 34,600)
Estonian SSR
Matsalu Preserve (1957, 11,000)
Nigula Preserve (1957, 2,730)
Vóika Preserve (1910, 35)
Viidumóe Preserve (1957, 593)
Albania
Dajti, national park (1956, 3,000)
Divjaka, national park (1956, 2,000)
Lura, national park (1956, 3,000)
Tomori, national park (1956, 3,000)
Austria
Amering-Grossenberg Stubalpe, preserve (1942, 20,900)
Ennstaler Alpen-Laussa, preserve (1941, 57,000)
Gams-Wildalpen, preserve (1941, 52,000)
Hinterstoder Priel, preserve (no date, 60,000)
Hochlantsch Schöckl, preserve (1941, 29,000)
Hochschwab Aflenzer Staritzen Kaiserschild, preserve (1942, 55,000)
Karwendel Preserve (1943, 72,000)
Neusiedler See, preserve (1940, 35,000)
Reinisch Kógel, preserve (1941, 20,600)
Schladminger Tauern, preserve (1941, 67,500)
Seckauer Alpe Bosenstein, preserve (1941, 65,500)
Turacher Alpe, preserve (1941, 27,000)
Belgium
Bruyère de Kalmthout, national park (1941, 1,730)
Hautes-Fagnes, national park (1957, 3,400)
Lesse et Lhomme, national park (1958, 819)
Tintange, preserve (1965, 2,400)
Bulgaria
Golden Sands, people’s park (1943, 2,031)
Ropotamo, people’s park (1940, 847)
Steneto, people’s park (1963, 1,666)
Vikhren, people’s park (1962, 6,736)
Vitosha, people’s park (1934, 22,800)
Czechoslovakia
Drastvica, preserve (1953, 10,000)
Krkonoše, people’s park (1963, 35,384)
Pěniny, people’s park (1932, 2,115)
Polana, preserve (1953, 12,500)
Tatra, people’s park (1948, 50,000)
Denmark
Randból Hede, preserve (no date, 1,400)
Skallingen, preserve (1939, 3,000)
Tipperne and Klaegbanken, preserve (1936, 900)
Federal Republic of Germany
Bergstrasse-Odenwald, natural park (1960, 170,700)
Harz, natural park (1960, 95,000)
Hochtaunus, natural park (1962, 120,000)
Hohe Mark, natural park (1963, 95,000)
Meissner-Kaufunger Wald, natural park (1962, 41,400)
Nassau, natural park (1962, 53,000)
Nordeifel, natural park (1960, 133,500)
Pfälzer Wald, natural park (1958, 179,000)
Rothaargebirge, natural park (1963, 113,000)
Spessart, natural park (1960, 126,000)
Südeifel, natural park (1958, 39,500)
Finland
Lemmenjoki, national park (1956, 38,500)
Linnansaari, national park (1956, 800)
Malla, natural park (1919, 3,000)
Oulanka, national park (1956, 10,700)
Pallas Ounastunturi, natural park (1938, 50,000)
Pisavaara, natural park (1938, 5,000)
Pyhähäkki, national park (1956, 1,010)
Pyhätunturi, national park (1938, 3,000)
France
Camargue, preserve (1928, 13,500)
Lauzanier, preserve (.1934, 3,000)
Nèouvielle, preserve (1935, 2,200)
Pelvoux, national park (1913, 13,000)
Vanoise, national park (1963, 60,000)
German Democratic Republic
Bock und Hohe Düne von Pramort, preserve (1957, 1,932)
Darss, preserve (1957, 1,130)
Gallenbecker See and Friedlander-Grosse Wiese, preserve (1939, 1,015)
Grosser Stechlinsee, Hehmitz, and Grosser Krukow See, preserve (1938, 1,774)
Hinrichshagen, preserve (1962, 1,124)
Jasmund, preserve (1935, 1,500)
Müritz, preserve (1931, 6,280)
Oberharz, preserve (1937, 1,980)
Peenemünder Haken und Struck, preserve (1925, 1,870)
Schwarzatal, preserve (1961, 1,756)
Stekby-Lódderitzer-Forst, preserve (1961, 2,080)
Untere Mulde, preserve (1961, 1,276)
Vessertal, preserve (1939, 1,384)
Great Britain
Beinn Eighe, reserve (1951, 4,180)
Caerlaverock, reserve (1957, 2,490)
Cairngorms, reserve (1954, 25,966)
Cors Tregaron, reserve (1955, 737)
Dartmoor, national park (1951, 94,535)
Exmoor, national park (1954, 68,635)
Lake District, national park (1951, 224,294)
Moor House, reserve (1952, 4,000)
North York Moors, national park (1952, 143,227)
Peak District, national park (1951, 140,378)
Pembrokeshire Coast, national park (1952, 58,275)
Rhum, reserve (1957, 10,560)
Snowdonia, national park (1951, 218,855)
Yorkshire Dales, national park (1954, 176,120)
Greece
Olympus, national park (1938, 5,000)
Parnassus, national park (1938, 5,000)
Samarias, national park (1962, 4,800)
Hungary
Aggtelek and Bekebarlang, preserve (1958, 1,420)
Kis Balaton, preserve (1951, 2,000)
Szalajkavölgy, preserve (1955, 558)
Szeged-Fehértó, preserve (1939, 1,450)
Tihany, national park (1952, 1,100)
Iceland
Hallormsstadur, preserve (1905, 600)
Thingvellir, national park (1928, 4,000)
Thjórsárdalur, preserve (1938, 12,500)
Thórsmörk, preserve (1925, 1,500)
Ireland
Bourn Vincent, natural park (1932, 4,220)
Curragh, preserve (1870, 2,000)
Phoenix, natural park (1925, 700)
Italy
Abruzzo, national park (1923, 29,160)
Circeo, national park (1934, 7,445)
Gran Paradiso, national park (1922, 56,000)
Stelvio, national park (1935, 95,631)
The Netherlands
Eijerlandse-Gat, preserve (no date, 20,000)
Hoge Veluwe, national park (1935, 5,700)
Kennemerduinen, national park (1950, 1,250)
Kraloër Heide and Dwingelosche Heide, preserve (1930, 1,192)
Veluwezoom, national park (1955, 4,488)
Weerribben, preserve (no date, 1,350)
Norway
Börgefjell, national park (1963, 110,000)
Fokstumyra, preserve (1923, 900)
Junkerdalsura, preserve (no date, 44,100)
Nordmarka, preserve (no date, 2,800)
Rondane, national park (1962, 57,500)
Poland
Babia Góra, people’s park (1954, 1,709)
Białowieza, people’s park (1947, 5,069)
Kampinos, people’s park (1959, 22,353)
Karkonoski, people’s park (1959, 5,562)
Ojców, people’s park (1956, 1,675)
Pieniny, people’s park (1954, 2,708)
Słowiński, people’s park (1966, 18,069)
Swiętokrzyski, people’s park (1950, 6,044)
Tatra, people’s park (1954, 22,075)
Wielkopolska, people’s park (1957, 5,385)
Woliński, people’s park (1960, 4,628)
Portugal
Gerês, national park (1954, no area)
Rumania
Bucegi, preserve (1958, 4,775)
Ceahlău, preserve (1962, 1,836)
Danube, preserve (1962, 40,000)
Domogled, preserve (1932, 810)
Pietrosul, preserve (1964, 2,700)
Retezat, national park (1935, 10,000)
Snagov, preserve (1952, 1,767)
Spain
Aigues Tortes, national park (1955, 10,500)
Goto Doriana, preserve (1966, 25,000)
Covadonga, national park (1918, 17,000)
El Palmeral de Elche, preserve (1933)
Gredos, reserve (1932, 75,000)
Ordesa, national park (1918, 2,050)
Saja y Agregados, preserve (1949, 60,000)
Teide, national park (1954, 11,000)
Sweden
Abisko, national park (1909, 7,500)
Gotska Sandön, national park (1910, 3,535)
Muddus, national park (1942, 49,200)
Peljekajse, national park (1909, 14,600)
Sarek Sjófallet, national park (1909, 535,000)
Sonfjäallet, national park (1909, 2,700)
Tófsingdalen, national park (1926, 1,365)
VadvetjÅko, national park (1920, 2,450)
Switzerland
Engadina, national park (1914, 16,887)
Yugoslavia
Durmitor, people’s park (1952, 32,000)
Fruška Gora, people’s park (1960, 22,850)
Mavrovo, people’s park (1949, 76,000)
Ohrid, people’s park (1958, 23,000)
Pelister, people’s park (1949, 12,000)
Plitvice Lakes, people’s park (1949, 19,172)
Tara, preserve (1950, 11,772)
Burma
Kahilu, reserve (1928, 16,120)
Kelatha, reserve (no date, 2,470)
Kyatthin, reserve (1941, 26,600)
Maymyo, reserve (1918, 12,500)
Moscos Islands, reserve (no date, 5,000)
Mulayit, reserve (1936, 13,910)
Pidaung, reserve (1913, 72,400)
Shwe-u-Daung, reserve (1918, 32,760)
Shwezet-Taw, reserve (1940, 55,100) Taunggyi, reserve (no date, 1,612)
China
So-hsi pang, preserve (no date or area)
Wu-ying, preserve (no date or area)
India
Bandipur, preserve (1941, 5,700)
Corbett, national park (1935, 47,400)
Gir Forest, preserve (1965, 316,000)
Hazaribagh, national park (1955, 38,400)
Kanha, preserve (1955, 31,600)
Kaziranga, preserve (1908, 52,000)
Periyar, preserve (1940, 77,000)
Sariska, preserve (1955, 20,700)
Shivpuri, national park (1955, 15,900)
Taroba, national park (1935, 11,700)
Tirap, national park (1947, 205,000)
Indonesia
Bali-Barat, natural park (1941, 20,000)
Baluran, natural park (1937, 25,000)
Banjuwangi Selatan, natural park (1939, 62,000)
Berbak, natural park (1935, 190,000)
Djungkulon, or Udjung-Kulon, natural park (1921, 41,150)
Gunung-Löser, natural park (1934, 416,500)
Indrapura Peak, natural park (1929, 12,500)
Kluet, natural park (no date, 20,000)
Komodo, natural park (1965, 30,000)
Kotawaringin and Sampit, natural park (1936, 305,000
Kutai, natural park (1936, 306,600)
Langkat, natural park (1938, 213,285)
Lorentz, natural park (1937, 40,000)
Palung, natural park (1937, 30,000)
Pulau-Panaitan, natural park (no date, 17,500)
Rindjani, natural park (1941, 40,000)
Sumatra-Selatan, natural park (1935, 356,800)
Way-Kambas, natural park (1937, 130,000)
Iran
Djakashem, preserve (1967, 3,700)
Israel
Mount Meyron, national park (1955, 10,500)
Japan
Akan, national park (1934, 87,498)
Aso, national park (1934, 73,087)
Bandai-Asahi, national park (1950, 189,661)
Chichibu-Tama, national park (1950, 121,600)
Chubu-Sangaku, national park (1934, 169,768)
Daisetsuzan, national park (1934, 231,929)
Fuji-Hakone-Izu, national park (1936, 122,309)
Ise-Shima, national park (1946, 52,036)
Kirishima, national park (1934, 55,231)
Nikko, national park (1934, 140,698)
Seto-Naikai, national park (1934, 65,909)
Shikotsu-Toya, national park (1949, 98,660)
Towada, national park (1936, 83,351)
Jo-Shin-Etsu Kogen, national park (1949, 188,915)
Yoshino-Kumano, national park (1936, 55,378)
Malaysia
Bako, national park (1956, 2,600)
Taman Negara, national park (1938, 436,000)
Mongolia
Bogdo-Ula, or Choibalsan-Ula, preserve (1953, 125,000)
Nepal
Chitawan, reserve (1959, 76,000)
Philippines
Apo, national park (1936, 76,900)
Banahaw-San Cristobal, national park (1941, 11,133)
Canlaon, national park (1934, 24,578)
Isarog, national park (1938, 10,112)
Naujan Lake, national park (1956, 21,700)
Tirad Pass, national park (1938, 6,300)
Singapore
Water Catchment, preserve (1951, 1,602)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Gal Oya, national park (1954, 25,000)
Ruhuna, national park (1938, 23,000)
Wasgomuwa, national park (1937, 28,000)
Wilpattu, national park (1938, 65,000)
Yala, national park (1900, 27,500)
Thailand
Doi Intanon, national park (1959, 13,047)
Khao Salob, national park (1961, 400,000)
Khao-Yai, national park (1962, 216,900)
Pu Kradeung, national park (1947, 34,800)
Tung Slang Luang, national park (1963, 128,000)
Turkey
Karatepe-Arslantas, national park (1958, 4,119)
Kizilçahaman, national park (1959, 1,050)
Uludag, national park (1961, 8,000)
Algeria
Akfadou, national park (1925, 2,115)
Babor, national park (1931, 1,701)
Cèdres de Téniet-el-Haad, national park (1923, 1,500)
Chrèa, national park (1925, 1,350)
Djurdjura, national park (1925, 16,550)
Ouarsenis, national park (1924, 1,030)
Angola
Camea, national park (1938, 1,000,000)
Luando, preserve (1938, 828,000)
Pórto Alexandre, national park (1957, 2,000,000)
Arab Republic of Egypt
Wadi Rishrash, preserve (no date, 51,800)
Cameroon
Bafia, preserve (1949, 42,000)
Bénoué, national park (1942, 180,000)
Bouba-Djida, national park (1947, 220,000)
Campo, preserve (1932, 330,000)
Dja, preserve (1950, 526,000)
Douala-Edea, preserve (1932, 160,000)
Faro, preserve (1947, 330,000)
Waza, national park (1934, 170,000)
Central African Republic
André Félix, national park (1960, 170,500)
Bamingui-Bangoran, national park (1916, 1,000,000)
Saint-Floris, national park (1916, 100,700)
Chad
Zakouma, preserve (1963, 297,200)
Dahomey
Boucle de la Pendjari, national park (1954, 275,000)
Ethiopia
Menagasha, national forest (1958, 3,000)
Gabon
Ofoue, preserve (1946, 150,000)
Okanda, national park (1946, 190,000)
Ghana
Mole, preserve (1962, 388,000)
Guinea
Nimba, preserve (1944, 19,500; partially on the territory of the Ivory Coast)
Ivory Coast
Bouna, preserve (1942, 900,000)
Tai-Sassandra, preserve (no date, 425,000)
Kenya
Amboseli, preserve (1948, 326,000)
Mara, preserve (1950, 151,300)
Mount Kenya, national park (1949, 59,000)
Ngong, preserve (1950, 117,845)
Tsavo, national park (1948, 2,080,000)
Malagasy Republic
Andohahelo, preserve (1939, 71,200)
Andringitra, preserve (1927, 35,400)
Ankarafantsika, preserve (1927, 67,000)
Montagne d’Ambre, national park (1958, 120,000)
Tsaratanana, preserve (1927, 59,280)
Tsingy du Bemaraha, preserve (1927, 149,470)
Zahamena, preserve (1927, 66,410)
Malawi
Malawi, national park (1966, 84,170)
Mali
Boucle du Baoule, national park (1954, 350,000)
Morocco
Tazekka, national park (1950, 580)
Toubkal, national park (1942, 36,000)
Mozambique
Gorongosa, national park (1935, 580,000)
Maputo, preserve (1960, 75,000)
Namibia
Etosha Pan, preserve (1958, 7,000,000)
Nigeria
Yankari, reserve (1956, 182,200)
People’s Republic of the Congo
Odzala, national park (1940, 110,000)
Republic of South Africa
Addo, national park (1931, 6,756)
Bontebok, national park (1959, 2,533)
Giant’s Castle, preserve (1903, 23,842)
Hluhluwe, preserve (1897, 22,800)
Kalahari Gemsbok, national park (1931, 900,000)
Kruger, national park (1898, 1,820,000)
Loskop Dam, preserve (1940, 12,757)
Mountain Zebra, national park (1937, 5,020)
Mkuzi, preserve (1912, 24,800)
Natal, national park (1916, 8,000)
St. Lucia, preserve (1897, 49,446)
Umfolozi, preserve (1897, 28,800)
Vaaldam, preserve (1954, 25,312)
Republic of Zaire
Garamba, national park (1938, 492,000)
Kivu, national park (1925, 800,000)
Upemba, national park (1939, 950,000) Rhodesia
Chimanimani, national park (1950, 8,166)
Matopos, national park (1953, 43,320)
Mushandike, national park (1954, 12,900)
Rhodes Inyanga, national park (1950, 34,550)
Victoria Falls, national park (1939, 59,307)
Wankie, national park (1927, 435,290)
Rwanda
Kagera, national park (1934, 251,000)
Senegal
Niokolo-Koba, national park (1954, 410,000)
Somali Democratic Republic
Bubasci, reserve (1960, 625,000)
Sudan
Dinder, national park (1939, 640,000)
Ercowit, preserve (no date, 115,000)
Nimule, national park (1954, 25,900)
Southern, national park (1939, 1,684,200)
Tanzania
Katavi, reserve (1951, 167,500)
Kilimanjaro, reserve (1951, 186,400)
Lake Manyara, national park (1960, 8,550)
Mkomazi, reserve (1951, 350,000)
Ngurdoto Crater, national park (1960, 6,280)
Rungwa, reserve (1951, 905,000)
Serengeti, national park (1940, 1,450,000)
Tunisia
Djebel Bou Hedma, state park (1936, 12,000)
Uganda
Murchison Falls, national park (1952, 384,000)
Queen Elizabeth, national park (1952, 220,000)
Upper Volta
Singou, preserve (1955, 192,800, on the border with Dahomey and Togo)
W du Niger, national park (1954, total area 1,205,400, of which 330,000 is in Upper Volta, 502,050 is in Dahomey, and the remainder is in Niger)
Zambia
Kafue, national park (1950, 2,250,000)
Luangwa Valley, preserve (1942, 1,275,000)
Argentina
El Rey, national park (1948, 44,162)
Iguassú, national park (1909, 55,000)
Laníin, national park (1937, 395,000)
Los Alerces, national park (1937, 263,000)
Los Glaciares, national park (1937, 600,000)
Nahuel Huapí, national park (1903, 785,000)
Perito Francisco Moreno, national park (1937, 115,000)
Tierra del Fuego, national park (1960, 63,000)
Bolivia
Sajama, national park (1939, 75,000)
Brazil
Iguaçu, national park (1939, 180,000)
Itatiaia, national park (1937, 12,000)
Paulo Afonso, national park (1948, 6,890)
Serra dos Orgãos, national park (1939, 10,500)
Canada
Banff, national park (1885, 664,076)
Cape Breton Highlands, national park (1936, 95,053)
Elk Island, national park (1913, 19,425)
Fundy, national park (1948, 20,720)
Georgian Bay Islands, national park (1929, 1,400)
Glacier, national park (1886, 134,940)
Jasper, national park (1907, 1,087,800)
Kootenay, national park (1920, 140,637)
Mount Revelstoke, national park (1914, 25,900)
Point Pelée, national park (1918, 1,564)
Prince Albert, national park (1927, 387,494)
Prince Edward, national park (1937, 1,813)
Riding Mountain, national park (1929, 297,332)
Terra Nova, national park (1957, 39,627)
Waterton Lakes, national park (1895, 52,577)
Wood Buffalo, national park (1922, 4,480,700)
Yoho, national park (1920, 131,313)
Algonquin, provincial park (1893, 753,599)
St. Lawrence, provincial park (1895, 927,500)
Chile
Juan Fernández, national park (1935, 18,300)
Los Paraguas, national park (1940, 18,000)
Nahuelbuta, preserve (1939, 5,415)
Perez Rosales, national park (1926, 135,175)
Puyehue, national park (1941, 75,000)
Villarrica, national park (1940, 13,780)
Colombia
Farallones, national park (1962, 300,000)
Macarena, preserve (1948, 1,150,000) Cuba
Cienaga de Zapata, preserve (1959, 179,450)
Cupeyal, preserve (1963, 10,260)
El Cabo, preserve (1963, 7,535)
Ecuador
Cayapas, national park (1968, 300,000)
Galapagos Islands, national park (1934, 10,000)
Guatemala
Atitlán, national park (1955, no area)
Cerro Miramundo, national park (1956, 900)
Laguna el Pino, national park (1955, no area)
Río Dulce, national park (1955, 20,000)
Tikal, national park (1955, 57,600)
Guyana
Kaieteur, national park (1929, 11,520)
Mexico
Cañon del Río Blanco, national park (1938, 55,690)
Cumbres de Monterrey, national park (1939, 246,500)
La Malinche, national park (1938, 47,711)
Nevado de Toluca, national park (1936, 67,000)
Sierra de San Pedro Martir, national park (1947, 63,000)
Tancítaro, national park (1940, 29,316)
Peru
Pampa de Galeras, national park (1966, 50,000)
Surinam
Bormoffo, preserve (no date, 10,000)
United States
Acadia, national park (1919, 13,415)
Big Bend, national park (1944, 284,288)
Bryce Canyon, national park (1924, 14,584)
Carlsbad Caverns, national park (1930, 20,000)
Crater Lake, national park (1902, 64,866)
Everglades, national park (1947, 550,000)
Glacier, national park (1910, 409,941)
Grand Canyon, national park (1919, 269,430)
Grand Teton, national park (1929, 124,140)
Great Smoky Mountains, national park (1930, 206,220)
Hawaii and Haleakala, national parks (1916, 89,169; and
1961, 10,685, respectively)
Isle Royale, national park (1940, 216,000)
Lassen Volcanic, national park (1916, 43,301)
Mammoth Cave, national park (1934, 20,541)
Mesa Verde, national park (1906, 20,830)
Mount McKinley, national park (1917, 775,600)
Mount Rainier, national park (1899, 97,844)
Olympic, national park (1938, 362,593)
Platt, national park (1906, 380)
Rocky Mountain, national park (1915, 105,224)
Sequoia and King’s Canyon, national park (1890, 336,629)
Shenandoah, national park (1935, 77,700)
Virgin Islands, national park (1956, 3,841)
Wind Cave, national park (1903, 11,392)
Yellowstone, national park (1872, 899,104)
Yosemite, national park (1890, 304,000)
Zion, national park (1919, 52,547)
Uruguay
Paso del Puerto, national park (no date, 600)
Roosevelt, national park (1916, 1,500)
Venezuela
El Avila, national park (1958, 66,192)
Guatopo, national park (1958, 92,640)
Henry Pittier, national park (1937, 90,000)
Sierra Nevada de Mérida, national park (1952, 160,000)
Yurubi, national park (1960, 4,000)
Commonwealth of Australia
Bellenden-Ker, national park (1921, 32,000)
Carnarvon, national park (1938, 26,900)
Cradle Mountain-Lake St. Clair, national park (1922, 133,240)
Eungella, national park (1941, 49,614)
Flinders Chase, preserve (1919, 55,000)
Hinchinbrook, national park (1932, 39,348)
Lamington, national park (1915, 19,530)
Mount Buffalo, national park (1898, 10,912)
Mount Kaputar, national park (1925, 14,250)
Mount Field, national park (1916, 16,808)
Mount Kosciusko, national park (1944, 535,410)
New England, national park (1935, 22,842)
Sydney, or Kue Ring Gai Chase, national park (1894, 14,300)
Wilson’s Promontory, national park (1905, 40,9523 Wyperfeld, national park (1921, 56,000)
New Zealand
Abel Tasman, national park (1942, 17,607)
Arthur’s Pass, national park (1929, 96,858)
Egmont, national park (1900, 33,079)
Fiordland, national park (1952, 1,224,345)
Mount Cook, national park (1953, 70,056)
Nelson Lakes, national park (1956, 56,634)
Tongariro, national park (1894, 66,105)
Urewera, national park (1954, 184,211)
Westland, national park (1960, 85,334)
A. A. VINOKUROV