Others described PI in the context of lacking communication (Bowers-Ingram & Nelson, 2009; Bushy, 2002; Conger & Plager, 2006; Vimarlund et al., 2011; Taylor & Lee, 2005), or lacking
proctorship or mentorship (Conger & Plager, 2006; Cumbie, Weinert, Luparell, Conley, & Smith, 2005; Kemp, Zuckerman, & Finlayson, 2008; O'Lynn et al., 2009; Rosenberg & Canning, 2004; Stewart & Carpenter, 2009).