KEY WORDS: AHR, cleft, mesenchyme, mouse, nasal epithelium, RAR,
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH), teratogenesis, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
One factor reducing the production of ATRA could be limiting amounts of the enzymes involved in the conversion of retinol to
retinaldehyde (ROLDH) and
retinaldehyde to ATRA (RALDH) (Figure 1).
Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH) is the primary enzyme that oxidizes retinol to
retinaldehyde [138], and
retinaldehyde inhibits adipocyte differentiation [139].
In splenic dendritic cells of zymosan- (TLR2 and dectin-1 agonist) treated mice, TLR2 stimulation mediates the inductions of
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (Raldh2) and IL-10 expression and stimulates [Foxp3.sup.+] [T.sub.reg] cells induction, suggesting a generally high propensity for tolerance induction after TLR2 signaling [26].
Molotkov, "Cytosolic retinoid dehydrogenases govern ubiquitous metabolism of retinol to
retinaldehyde followed by tissue-specific metabolism to retinoic acid," Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol.
Formulas she finds her sensitive clients tolerate well include La Roche Posay Redermic R, PS29.50, Exuviance Super Retinol, PS55, or Avene Physiolift Night Balm, PS26 which contains the milder
retinaldehyde form.
Researchers at the Hebrew University in Israel have found that shutting down a molecule needed to produce retinoic acid, known as
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH2), increases sensitivity of developing embryos to low doses of alcohol.
These include retinol,
retinaldehyde, and retinyl esters.
NM_000379.3), aldehyde oxidase (AOX1; EC1.2.3.11; probably identical to
retinaldehyde oxidase, EC1.2.3.1, NCBI geneID: 316, GenBank accession no.
Vitamin A (retinol) is sequentially metabolized to
retinaldehyde, retinoic acid for its functions in animals (Hofman & Eichele 1994, Saari 1994).
"The product features
Retinaldehyde, a seldom-used retinoid with all the efficacy without the side effects often encountered by sensitive patients.The
retinaldehyde molecule lies closer to retinoic acid than other compounds on the retinoid biosynthesis pathway and thus is thought to provide rejuvenating efficacy without inducing as much irritation.
Many previous studies have shown that alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) is a major enzyme in achieving the oxidation from retinol to
retinaldehyde in mouse experiments [5].