NICS is comprehensively used to express the aromaticity of molecules because it can clearly and simply monitor the condition of
ring current. Aromatic systems have pretty negative NICS values, antiaromatic systems have strongly positive NICS values, and nonaromatic cyclic systems should have NICS values close to zero [35,42-44].
In this study we will analyze several intervals of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave activity observed by these spacecraft, as well as simultaneous variations in
ring current fluxes and cold plasma.
However, the X-ray flux from very energetic flares causes sufficient change to the level of ionisation (and thus conductivity) of the ionosphere that the normal
ring current flowing around the Earth is also disturbed.
The up-field shifts of both tetrapyrrole-H and tetraphenyl-H in [K.sup.+]- or Ca- bound [TPPS.sub.4] are mainly due to electrostatic interaction between porphyrin-core and metal ion, and such interaction reduces the "
ring current" on both tetrapyrrole and tetraphenyl (because of their co-planar conjugation), increasing the nuclear shielding of all these protons.
In a magnetic storm the Van Allen radiation belts (the charged plasma particles surrounding the Earth) are rearranged, creating a doughnut that carries a
ring current of 100 kiloelectronvolt plasma around the Earth.
After a brief historical review of early
ring current studies, 32 papers on the physics and structures of the earth's inner magnetosphere are organized into sections that deal with the sources and losses of plasma and energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere, energetic particle acceleration mechanisms, external driving mechanisms of the inner magnetosphere, observational aspects of inner magnetosphere dynamics, and large-scale modeling efforts of the inner magnetosphere.
In so doing, it creates a strong electric current, or
ring current, which partially girdles the magnetosphere's equator and is much greater on Earth's nightside than dayside.
On July 20, the high-field superconducting ring, which will be magnetically levitated for several hours in a large vacuum vessel, was tested to a total
ring current of 1.57 million amperes.