Trahair [9] considered
strength design of the classic plain cruciform section.
"TR-3, Policies and Procedures for Developing Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB), Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS), Pressure Design Basis (PDB),
Strength Design Basis (SDB), and Minimum Required Strength (MRS) Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping Materials or Pipe." Plastic Pipe Institute.
Strength design curves for thin-walled sections undergoing local and distortional buckling, Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 118(7), 1786 -803.
Hognestad, E., Hanson, N.W., and McHenry, D., Concrete Stress Distribution in Ultimate
Strength Design, Journal of the ACI, 52(12), 1955, pp.
Eventually, the lack of updates became problematic, and the AISC released Allowable
Strength Design as a replacement for Allowable Stress Design with the 14th edition of the SCM.
There has been an ongoing development from allowable stress design to ultimate
strength design (USD) and to the present performance based design (PBD) of RC buildings.
The topics include buckling and collapse of corroded pipes, pipeline inspection and subsea repair, fiber optic monitoring systems, reliability-based
strength design of pipelines, marine traffic risk assessment, consequences of failure modeling for oil and gas spills, and oil spill response plan.
This system is based on three components designed AISI regulations limit state method (LSD), the load and resistance factor (LRFD); Allowable
Strength Design (ASD) is permitted [5],
The basis for the flexural
strength design methodology of concrete member with non-metallic reinforcement is the balanced reinforcement ratio [rho].