Table 2 demonstrates the importance and
substitutability of top agricultural and related products that the United States currently exports to China.
They're not making decisions on the basis of
substitutability. Instead they're of a mindset that as long as they can afford the new product, they'll buy it.
Thus, the perfect
substitutability assumption in Borjas's model is violated because it requires a negative coefficient.
The third indicator,
substitutability, measures the extent to which other banks or firms can take up the slack if a bank fails.
In this article, we examined the Brazil's current regulation for prescription drug
substitutability in light of the concepts of drug bioavailability, relative bioavailability and bioequivalence.
Even though the resulting increase in the optimal deviation is mitigated under limited retaliation (as compared to Nash-reversion), its reduction is larger when the retaliation is in the same sector (as a result of the strategic
substitutability of same sector tariffs).
According to Vectura, the US FDA has categorised the complete response letter as major, and no material issues were raised regarding the
substitutability of the proposed device based on the initial assessment.
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has classified banks depending on the extent of their systemic importance using pre-defined indicators for size, interconnectedness,
substitutability and market reliance as a financial market infrastructure as well as complexity.
The indicators the RBI uses for identifying D-SIBs are -- size, interconnectedness,
substitutability and complexity.
Critically, we highlight that biosimilar
substitutability and naming will be a growing area of contention between originator firms and authorities who seek to curtail spending due to the exponential increase in biologics expenditure over the past few years.Headline Expenditure ProjectionsPharmaceuticals : AUD14.0bn (USD10.5bn) in 2015 to AUD14.5bn (USD9.6bn) in 2016; +3.4% in local currency terms and -8.6% in US dollar terms, due to significant exchange rate fluctuations.