`Apparent' compaction occurred in all treatments during the first treading event, since the average depression depth of the hooves was greater than the corresponding height of uplifted soil, resulting in a positive net disturbance.
The higher vSWC and total porosity, and lower soil bulk density, of slopes compared with tracks were consistent with less compaction on slope areas which had been subjected to less treading over long periods of time.
Because the treading events occurred at soil water contents close to the theoretical liquid limit, surface erosion in the form of soil creep and sheet wash downslope may also have taken place.
Because cattle pasture was rougher than sheep pasture at the start of the trial, a large absolute disturbance can occur as a result of cattle treading on cattle pasture without a correspondingly large net change in roughness.
Compared with cattle, sheep caused minimal absolute disturbance during their single severe treading event.
Mackay unpublished data) found that sediment loss, under simulated rainfall, increased as the canopy height was reduced from 4.7 to 0.5 cm, but was less where there was severe treading damage than only moderate treading damage at a given canopy height.
1992), treading activity which reduces pasture cover (Warren et al.
Cattle, treading on a wet soil, caused substantial disturbance to the soil surface but very little compaction.
Effect of cattle treading on the soil and pasture resource and the wider environment.
Factors affecting the susceptibility of three soils in the Manawatu to stock treading. New Zealand Journal Agricultural Research 27, 247-53.
Some effects of sheep treading on ten pasture species.
Changes in the pore space of a pasture topsoil under animal treading. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 3, 633-74.