art history, the study of works of art and architecture. In the mid-19th cent., art history was raised to the status of an academic discipline by the Swiss Jacob Burckhardt Burckhardt, Jacob or Jakob Christoph
..... Click the link for more information. , who related art to its cultural environment, and the German idealists Alois Riegl, Heinrich Wölfflin Wölfflin, Heinrich (hīn`rĭkh völf`lĭn), 1864–1945, Swiss art historian.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Wilhelm Worringer. The latter three saw art history as the analysis of forms and viewed art apart from any function it serves in expressing the spirit of its age. Major 20th-century art historians include Henri Focillon, Bernard Berenson Berenson, Bernard (bĕr`ənsən), 1865–1959, American art critic and connoisseur of Italian art, b. Lithuania, grad.
..... Click the link for more information. , Aby Warburg, Émile Mâle Mâle, Émile (āmēl` mäl), 1862–1954, French art historian.
..... Click the link for more information. , Erwin Panofsky Panofsky, Erwin (pănŏf`skē), 1892–1968, American art historian, b. Germany, Ph.D. Univ. of Freiburg, 1914.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Ernst Gombrich; the succeeding generation has included Michael Fried, Rosalind Krauss, Donald Kuspit, and Giselda Pollack. Modern art history is a broad field of inquiry embracing formal questions of stylistic development as well as considerations of social and cultural context. Since the 1970s, a heightened awareness of gender, ethnicity, and environmental issues has marked the work of many art historians.

Bibliography

See A. Hauser, The Social History of Art (4 vol., 1958–60); M. Podro, The Critical Historians of Art (1982); H. W. Janson, History of Art (4th rev. ed. 1991).

art history

Historical study of the visual arts for the purpose of identifying, describing, evaluating, interpreting, and understanding art objects and artistic traditions. Art-historical research involves discovering and collecting biographical data on artists to establish attribution; determining at what stage in a culture's or artist's development an object was made; weighing the influence the object or artist had on the historical past; and documenting an object's previous whereabouts or ownership (provenance). The analysis of symbols, themes, and subject matter is often of primary concern. In the 20th and 21st centuries art historians became increasingly concerned with the social and cultural context of artists and their work.