Disease (redirected from communicable disease)

disease, impairment of the normal state or functioning of the body as a whole or of any of its parts. Some diseases are acute, producing severe symptoms that terminate after a short time, e.g., pneumonia; others are chronic disorders, e.g., arthritis, that last a long time; and still others return periodically and are termed recurrent, e.g., malaria. One of the most common bases for classifying disease is according to cause. External factors that produce disease are infectious agents, including both microscopic organisms (bacteria, viruses, and protozoans) and macroscopic ones (fungi and various parasitic worms). Only infectious diseases can be transmitted—by humans, certain animals and insects, and infected objects and substances (see communicable diseases). Other external agents that can cause disease are chemical and physical agents (drugs, poisons, radiation), which can be encountered in specific work situations, deficiency of nutrients in the environment, and physical injury. Diseases that arise from internal (endogenous) causes include hereditary abnormalities (disorders inherited from one or both parents), congenital diseases (disturbances in the development of a normal embryo), allergies (hypersensitive reactions to substances in the environment), endocrine disorders (generally either overfunctioning or underfunctioning of an endocrine gland), circulatory disorders (diseases of the heart and blood vessels), and neoplasms, or tumors (masses of abnormally proliferating cells). Degenerative diseases occur as a result of the natural aging of the body tissues. Finally, a wide range of diseases are attributed to, or at least influenced by, emotional disturbances. Psychoses and neuroses result in disturbed behavior; the so-called psychosomatic diseases (certain kinds of colitis, many forms of headaches) are thought to be brought about by emotional stress. Most diseases occur as a result of a combination of both internal and external conditions, i.e., an interaction between the body and the environment. Thus a person may be hereditarily predisposed to tuberculosis, although the tubercule bacillus (the infectious agent) must be present for the disease to occur. In ancient times disease was ascribed to supernatural, spiritual, and humoral factors. The discovery by Louis Pasteur and others of the role played by microorganisms in infection and the study of cellular pathology by Rudolf Virchow in the 19th cent. were of the utmost importance in establishing the true nature of disease.

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Disease

AIDS

mysterious new disease, incurable and usually fatal. [U.S. Hist.: WB, A:153]

Black Death

killed at least one third of Europe’s population (1348–1349). [Eur. Hist.: Bishop, 379–382]

bubonic plague

ravages Oran, Algeria, where Dr. Rieux perseveres in his humanitarian endeavors. [Fr. Lit.: The Plague]

Cancer Ward, The

novel set in cancer ward of a Russian hospital. [Russ. Lit.: The Cancer Ward in Weiss, 64]

Decameron, The

tales told by young people taking refuge from the black death ravaging Florence. [Ital. Lit.: Magill II, 231]

Fiacre, St.

intercession sought by sick. [Christian Hagiog.: Attwater, 130]

influenza epidemic

caused 500,000 deaths in U.S. alone (1918–1919). [Am. Hist.: Van Doren, 403]

Joram

suffered for abandoning God’s way. [O.T.: II Chronicles 21:15, 19]

Journal of the Plague Year

Defoe’s famous account of bubonic plague in England in 1665. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 529]

Lazarus

leper brought back to life by Christ. [N.T.: John 11:1–44]

Legionnaires’ disease

28 American Legion conventioneers die of flu-like disease in Philadelphia (1976). [Am. Hist.: Facts (1976), 573, 656]

Molokai

Hawaiian island; site of government leper colony. [Am. Hist.: NCE, 1807]

Naaman

leprous Syrian commander healed by Elisha. [O.T.: II Kings 5]

red death, the

pestilence, embodied in a masque, fatally penetrates Prince Prospero’s abbey. [Am. Lit.: Poe The Masque of the Red Death]

Rock, St.

legendary healer of plague victims. [Christian Hagiog.: Attwater, 299]

Sennacherib, army of

besieging Jerusalem, Assyrian force must withdraw after an outbreak of plague. [O. T.: II Kings 19:35; Br. Lit.: Byron The Destruction of Sennacherib in Benét, 266]

seven plagues, the

visited upon the earth to signify God’s wrath. [N.T.: Revelation]

St. Anthony’s Fire

horrific 11th-century plague. [Eur. Hist.: Brewer Note-Book, 34]

Syphilis

Fracastoro’s epic concerning Syphilis, mythical first victim. [Ital. Lit.: RHD, 1443; Plumb, 342]

ten plagues, the

inflicted upon Egypt when Pharaoh refuses to let the Israelites emigrate. [O.T.: Exodus 7-12]

Typhoid Mary

(Mary Mallon, 1870–1938) unwitting carrier of typhus; suffered 23-year quarantine. [Am. Hist.: Van Doren, 354]