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Fertility
(redirected from fertility index)

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fertility: see infertility infertility, inability to conceive or carry a child to delivery. The term is usually limited to situations where the couple has had intercourse regularly for one year without using birth control.
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fertility

Ability of an individual or couple to reproduce through normal sexual activity. About 80% of healthy, fertile women are able to conceive within one year if they have intercourse regularly without contraception. Normal fertility requires the production of enough healthy sperm by the male and viable eggs by the female, successful passage of the sperm through open ducts from the male testes to the female fallopian tubes, penetration of a healthy egg, and implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus (see reproductive system). A problem with any of these steps can cause infertility.


fertility [fər′til·əd·ē]
(biology)
The state of or capacity for abundant productivity.

Fertility
See also Abundance.
antler dance
archaic animal dance, preceding mating. [Br. Folklore: Brewer Dictionary, 1]
Anu
Irish goddess of fecundity. [Irish Folklore: Briggs, 9]
Aphrodite
goddess of fecundity. [Gk. Myth.: Parrinder, 24]
Astarte
goddess of fecundity. [Phoenician Myth.: Jobes, 144]
Astarte’s dove
emblem of fecundity. [Phoenician Myth.: Jobes, 466]
Atargatis’ dove
emblem of fecundity. [Hittite Myth.: Jobes, 466]
Athena
Athens’ patroness; goddess of war and fecundity. [Gk. Myth.: Parrinder, 33; Kravitz, 40]
Baal
chief male god of Phoenicians; the generative principle. [Phoenician Rel.: Parrinder, 38]
Bacchus’ cup
symbolizes fecundity. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 397]
Bona Dea
goddess of fertility; counterpart of Faunus. [Rom. Myth.: Zimmerman, 43]
breast
symbol of nourishment and fecundity. [Ren. Art: Hall, 52]
Cernunnos
horned deity of fecundity, associated with snakes. [Celtic Myth.: Parrinder, 58]
Cerridwen
nature goddess whose magical cauldron was misused. [Celtic Myth.: Parrinder, 58]
Chloë
beloved maiden, goddess of new, green crops. [Gk. Myth.: Parrinder, 62]
Clothru
Irish goddess of fertility. [Irish Myth.: Jobes, 349]
clover
symbolizes fecundity. [Folklore: Jobes, 350]
coconut
presented to women who want to be mothers. [Ind. Folklore: Binder, 85]
Cybele
nature’s fruitfulness assured by orgiastic rites honoring her. [Phrygian Myth.: Parrinder, 68; Jobes, 400]
Dôn
goddess of fecundity; Welsh equivalent of Irish Danu. [Brythonic Myth.: Leach, 321; Jobes, 461]
Dag
(h)da god of abundance, war, healing. [Celtic Myth.: Parrinder, 68; Jobes, 405]
Dagon
(Dāgan) fish-corn god symbolizing fecundity and abundance. [Babyl. Myth.: Parrinder, 71; Jobes, 405]
Demeter
goddess of fecundity. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 429–430]
double ax
emblem of fecundity. [Folklore: Jobes, 163]
figs, garland of
a traditional pictorial identification of Pan, pastoral god of fertility. [Gk. Myth.: Jobes, 373]
fish
signifies fecundity. [Mexican Folklore: Binder, 17]
flowers and fruit, garland of
traditional headdress of Pomona, goddess of fertility. [Rom. Myth.: Jobes, 373]
flowers, garland of
traditional pictorial identification of Flora, goddess of flowers and fertility. [Rom. Myth.: Jobes, 373]
Freya
goddess of agriculture, peace, and plenty. [Norse Myth.: Payton, 257]
grape leaves, garland of
traditional headdress of Bona Dea, goddess of fertility. [Rom. Myth.: Jobes, 373]
green
symbol of fruitfulness. [Color Symbolism: Jobes, 356]
horn
believed to promote fertility. [Art: Hall, 157]
horse
symbolizes fecundity. [Bengali Folklore: Binder, 67]
Lavransdatter, Kristin
gives birth to eight sons in ten years. [Nor. Lit.: Kristin Lavransdatter, Magill I, 483–486]
Mylitta
goddess of fertility. [Babyl. Myth.: Leach, 776]
old woman who lived in a shoe
what to do with so many children? [Nurs. Rhyme: Opie, 434]
Ops
Sabine goddess of fecundity. [Rom. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 782]
orange blossoms
symbolic of bride’s hope for fruitfulness. [Br. and Fr. Tradition: Brewer Dictionary, 784]
Pomona
goddess of gardens and fruit trees. [Rom. Myth.: Zimmerman, 218]
pomegranate
indicates abundance. [Heraldry: Halberts, 36]
rabbit
symbol of fecundity. [Animal Symbolism: Mercatante, 125–126]
Rhea
worshiped orgy and fertility; mother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia. [Gk. Myth.: NCE, 1796]
rhinoceros horn
in powdered form, considered powerful fertility agent. [Eastern Culture: Misc.]
waxing moon
only effective time for sowing seeds. [Gardening Lore: Boland, 31]
yellow
color of fecundity, relating to yellow sun and earth. [Eastern Color Symbolism: Binder, 78]

Fertility 

in animals, the capacity to bear offspring, compensating under normal conditions for natural mortality. Fertility, which developed in the course of evolution, is associated with longevity and varies in species with different types of reproduction. Monocyclic animals, that is, those that reproduce once in a lifetime, usually bear numerous offspring. Polycyclic animals, each of whose females may bear several litters, are usually less fertile. Animals with a long life-span bear one or two per litter; litters often are not produced every year. Short-lived animals, such as small rodents, can reproduce several times a year, bearing as many as ten to 15 young per litter. The fertility of animals changes with age and, in species with repeated reproduction, varies regularly with the seasons. Changes in the food supply and climatic conditions cause fertility to vary from year to year.

N. P. NAUMOV

The fertility that is characteristic of each species also characterizes agricultural animals. For example, cows and mares usually carry a single fetus. Cows produce twins 1-3 percent of the time, and mares 1-1.5 percent of the time. Births of three to seven calves and four foals have been recorded. Sows, depending on the breed, bear an average of six to 12 shoats per litter. The most fertile sows may produce 17 to 20 young (sometimes as many as 30). Sheep and goats, as a rule, yield an average of one or two offspring. Romanov sheep produce two or three lambs (sometimes as many as nine). Rabbits bear an average of five or six young (up to 18). In captivity the fox produces four offspring, the sable three, the arctic fox eleven, and the mink five. Maximal use of the natural reproductive capacities of animals is important in animal breeding. It is an indispensable condition for expanded reproduction of a herd.

Domestication and the accompanying changes in the life of agricultural animals have for the most part fostered an increase in fertility, which is conditioned not only by the genetic nature of an organism but also by its physiological state and by external factors. Increased fertility may be transmitted to offspring and be established by selection and culling as an important breed characteristic. For this reason fertility is taken into account in evaluating animals and selecting them for breeding. Prolonged inbreeding or interspecific hybridization often causes a decrease or complete loss of fertility in the offspring.

An increase in the fertility of agricultural animals may be best ensured through proper feeding, maintenance, and use of the animals; proper rearing of the young; the use of stimulators (for example, pregnant mare serum); and the prevention and eradication of disease.

REFERENCES

See references under DOMESTIC ANIMALS.


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With on-farm conception rates currently falling at a rate of one per cent a year producers will, for the first time, be able to take advantage of a new Fertility Index as an additional selection tool after considering type and production, and select UK proven-sires on the fertility of their daughters.
In my analysis, four indicators related to economic and cultural patterns account for just over half of the variation among counties in the marital fertility index ([ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED] and Table 1).
 
 
 
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