jade

jade, common name for either of two minerals used as gems. The rarer variety of jade is jadeite, a sodium aluminum silicate, NaAl(SiO₃)₂, usually white or green in color; the green variety is the more valuable. The commoner and less costly variety of jade is nephrite, a calcium magnesium iron silicate of varying composition, white to dark green in color. Jade has been prized by the Chinese and Japanese, as well as by pre-Colombian Mesoamerican peoples, as the most precious of all gems. The Chinese in particular are known for the objets d'art they carve from it, and they traditionally associated it with the five cardinal virtues: charity, modesty, courage, justice, and wisdom; they also attributed healing powers to it. It was much used for implements by ancient peoples, especially in Mexico, Switzerland, France, Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and New Zealand. Jadeite is found in upper Myanmar, in Japan, and in Guatemala; nephrite in New Zealand, Turkistan, Siberia, China, Silesia, Wyoming, California, and British Columbia.

Bibliography

See S. C. Nott, Chinese Jade throughout the Ages (2d ed. 1962); R. Gump, Jade (1962); J. M. Hartman, Chinese Jade of Five Centuries (1969, repr. 1987); G. Wills, Jade of the East (1972); A. Levy and C. Scott-Clark, The Stone of Heaven (2002).

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jade

Dragon among clouds, carved jade medallion or button, Ch'ing dynasty, probably late 18th century …

(credit: Courtesy of the board of trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Wells Legacy)

Either of two tough, compact, typically green gemstones that take a high polish. Both have been carved into jewelry, ornaments, small sculptures, and utilitarian objects from earliest recorded times. The more highly prized of the two jadestones is jadeite; the other is nephrite. Both types may be white or colourless, but colours such as red, green, and gray may occur.

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1.		JADE - James' DSSSL Engine
2.		Jade - U Washington, late 80's. A strongly-typed language, object-oriented but without classes. For type research. The compiler output is Smalltalk. [Submitter claimed that Jade has exactly one user!]
3.		Jade - Implicit coarse-grained concurrency. The constructs 'with', 'withonly' and 'without' create tasks with specified side effects to shared data objects. Implemented as a C preprocessor. "Coarse-Grain Parallel Programming in Jade", M.S. Lam et al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(7):94-105 (Jul 1991).