Kite (redirected from kiting)

kite, in aviation and recreation

kite, in aviation, aircraft restrained by a towline and deriving its lift from the aerodynamic action of the wind flowing across it. Commonly the kite consists of a light framework upon which paper, silk, or other thin material is stretched. Kites having one plane surface require flexible tails for lateral and directional stability. Kite making has been popular in China and other East Asian countries for centuries. It is thought that the first use of kites to secure meteorological information was made by Alexander Wilson of Scotland, who in 1749 used them to carry thermometers aloft. In 1752, Benjamin Franklin used kites to study lightning. The box kite was invented c.1893 by Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian, and was used effectively in meteorological and aerodynamic studies. The tetrahedral kite was used by Alexander Graham Bell for making experiments on problems of airplane construction.

Bibliography

See C. Hart, Kites: An Historical Survey (1967); O. Piene, More Sky (1973); T. Ito and K. Hirotsugu, Kites: The Science and the Wonder (1983).

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kite, in zoology

kite, in zoology, common name for a bird of the family Accipitridae, which also includes the hawk. Kites are found near water and marshes in warm parts of the world. They prey chiefly on reptiles, frogs, and insects. The swallow-tailed, white-tailed, and Mississippi kites are found in the Gulf states and in Central and South America. The Everglade kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis, feeds exclusively on a large freshwater snail. The common kite of England, now rare, was once a scavenger in the streets of London. Kites are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Aves, order Falconiformes, family Accipitridae.

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kite

Light frame covered with paper or cloth, often provided with a balancing tail, and designed to be flown in the air at the end of a long string; it is held aloft by wind. Its name comes from the kite, a member of the hawk family. Kites have been in use in Asia from time immemorial, and religious significance is still connected to some ceremonial kite-flying there. In a famous experiment in 1752, Benjamin Franklin hung a metal key from a kite line during a storm to attract electricity. Kites were used to carry weather-recording devices aloft before the advent of balloons and airplanes. Types of kite commonly in use today include the hexagonal (or three-sticker), the malay (modified diamond), and the box kite, invented in the 1890s. Newer wing-like kites, with pairs of controlling strings for superior maneuverability, are also flown.

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kite

Swallow-tailed kite (Elanoides forficatus).

(credit: James A. Kern)

Any of numerous lightly built birds of prey that have a small head, partly bare face, short beak, and long, narrow wings and tail. They are found worldwide in warm regions. Some live on insects; others are primarily scavengers but also eat rodents and reptiles; a few eat only snails. In flight, kites slowly flap and then glide with wings angled back. Kites belong to three subfamilies of the family Accipitridae: Milvinae (true kites and snail kites), Elaninae (including the white-tailed kite, one of the few North American raptors increasing in number), and Perninae (including the swallow-tailed kite of the New World). See also hawk.

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kite

1. Nautical any of various light sails set in addition to the working sails of a vessel

2. any diurnal bird of prey of the genera Milvus, Elanus, etc., typically having a long forked tail and long broad wings and usually preying on small mammals and insects: family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.)

3. Commerce a negotiable paper drawn without any actual transaction or assets and designed to obtain money on credit, give an impression of affluence, etc.
www.kiteflyers.org

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Kite 

a captive aircraft that is supported in the air by the pressure of the wind on its surface, which is set at a certain angle to the direction of the wind and is restrained by a line from the ground. The main structural members of a kite (see Figure 1) are a supporting (aerodynamic) surface made of

Figure 1. Diagram ot the layout of a kite and of the forces acting on it: (AB) aerodynamic surface, (α) angle of attack, (E) knot or point of attachment of tine, (EA) and (ED) fetters that form the bridle, (g) center of gravity, (C) center of sailing, (O) pole (center of application of forces), (V) wind speed

fabric or paper and stretched over a rigid frame, a line (a hemp rope, steel cable, or strong string) wound onto a winch or spool, a bridle for attaching the line to the kite, and stabilizing members. Longitudinal stability is ensured by the tail or by the shape of the aerodynamic surface; transverse stability is provided by the pitching planes, which are mounted parallel to the guide line, or by the curvature and symmetry of the aerodynamic surface. The inflight stability of a kite also depends on the location of its center of gravity.

The forces acting on the kite in flight are the force of gravity P and the force of wind pressure on the kite’s surface R, the vector sum of which is the thrust T̄’, and the stretching force of the string T̄ (see Figure 1). In a state of equilibrium the thrust T̄’ is balanced by the stretching force of the string T̄, and the sum of the moments of the forces P̄_E and R̄_E (with respect to the junction E of the kite) is equal to zero.

Depending on the shape and arrangement of the aerodynamic surfaces, a distinction is made among bow kites (Figure 2); multisurface kites, such as “bookcase,” box, and multicell kites, which consist of individual cells in the form of

Figure 2. Rectangular bow kite: (1) aerodynamic surface, (2) bridle, (3) line, (4) cross-shaped frame, (5) tail, (6) string that imparts curvature to the surface

tetrahedrons or parallelepipeds; and sectional, or compound, kites, which consist of a group of kites (a so-called kite train) connected into a single flexible system. At the turn of the 20th century, kites were used for the meteorological study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, for photographing the terrain, and for sports. As lighter-than-air and other aircraft developed, kites began to be used exclusively for sports.

N. F. LOGINOV