Linen

linen, fabric or yarn made from the fiber of flax, probably the first vegetable fiber known to people. Linens more than 3,500 years old have been recovered from Egyptian tombs. Phoenician traders marketed linen in Mediterranean ports. Worn by Egyptian, Greek, and Jewish priests as a symbol of purity, it also typified luxury as in the phrase "purple and fine linen." Flax was cultivated by the Romans and introduced by them into N Europe. The production of linen was encouraged by Charlemagne, and linen became the principal European textile of the Middle Ages. Flanders has been renowned from the 11th cent. for its creamy flax and fine thread. French Huguenots excelled in working flax and carried the art abroad, notably to Ireland, where Louis Crommelin established (c.1699) a manufactory at Lisburn, near Belfast. Ireland is still the largest producer of fine linen, with Belgium, Japan, and Russia producing somewhat lesser amounts. The first flax-spinning mill was opened in England in 1787, but only in 1812 was linen successfully woven with power looms. The industry suffered in relation to cotton because many textile inventions were not applicable to linen, the inelasticity of the fiber causing it to break readily under tension. Although linen exceeds cotton in coolness, luster, strength, and length of fiber, the expense of production limits its use. After the flax fiber is removed from the stems, it is delivered to the mills, where it is hackled to separate and straighten the fibers, overlapped on a spreadboard to form a continuous ribbon, drawn out through rollers, then wound from the roving frame on bobbins in a loosely twisted thread. For fine goods the thread is usually spun wet. Linen may be bleached in the yarn or in the piece. It is woven into fabrics ranging from heavy canvas to sheer handkerchief linen.

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linen

Fibre, yarn, and fabric made from the flax plant. Flax is one of the oldest textile fibres used by humans; evidence of its use has been found in Switzerland's prehistoric lake dwellings. Fine linen fabrics have been discovered in ancient Egyptian tombs. The fibre is obtained by subjecting plant stalks to a series of operations, including retting (a fermentation process), drying, crushing, and beating. Linen is stronger than cotton, dries more quickly, and is more slowly affected by exposure to sunlight. Low elasticity, imparting a hard, smooth texture, makes linen subject to wrinkling. Because linen absorbs and releases moisture quickly and is a good conductor of heat, linen garments feel cool to wearers. Fine grades of linen are made into woven fabrics and laces for apparel and household furnishings.

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linen

1. 

a. a hard-wearing fabric woven from the spun fibres of flax

b. (as modifier): a linen tablecloth

2. yarn or thread spun from flax fibre

3. clothes, sheets, tablecloths, etc., made from linen cloth or from a substitute such as cotton
www.irishlinen.co.uk
www.ulsterlinen.com/2.htm

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linen [′lin·ən]

(textiles)

A cloth made from flax fibers, noted for its strength, weavability, durability, and minimum discharge of lint.

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Linen 

a fabric made from flax yarn, primarily by weaving fibers. When cotton yarn is included as the warp or weft, the fabric is called cotton warp linen. The most valuable properties of linen are its great strength, its ability to absorb moisture with a comparatively high air- and heat-permeability, and its resistance to decomposition. Linen is also distinguished by its fine quality and increased durability, which are improved by fabric finishing. Linens are very strong and their resistance to shrinkage when dampened is comparatively high. The weight of 1 sq m of linen ranges from 100 g (batiste) to 1,000 g or more (tarpaulin). Linens are used in the manufacture of underwear, industrial articles, packaging material, and other products.

Several types of linens are distinguished according to their use and structure, including table damask (tablecloths and napkins); damask and terry; canvas and toilet cloths; suit and dress fabrics (mat, tricot); sheeting, fine underwear, and ticking; and coarse (industrial) linen, interlinings, sail cloth, tarpaulin, packaging materials, and fire hoses. Linen is produced unbleached, semi-bleached, bleached, and dyed. Fabrics with a mixture of flax and lavsan have excellent properties; for example, they are wrinkle-proof and durable.